《考研辅导资料》PPT课件.ppt

,硕士研究生入学考试 英语辅导,知己知彼百战不殆,知易行难重在行动,背好单词，练好基本功；历年真题练三遍，了解每个选项的对错原因；把最近三年的考题留着考前模考（考前20天）最好是把时间缩短20钟；作文一定要动手写；要保证一定量的阅读；,新大纲题型和分值分布,英语知识应用（完型填空）10分 阅读 50分（旧阅读40分新阅读10分）翻译 15分 作文（小作文10分大作文15分）25分,新阅读Part B,题型1：大完型 7选5 2005年开始已考了4次,仍需重视choice题型2：排序题 order 把一篇完整的文章打乱次序，按其内在的逻辑顺序重新排序。（给出个答案）题型3：段落小标题 给出7个小标题选项，给完整的段落选择一个恰当的小标题。(主旨/小结）题型4：对错判断题,新写作10分,有信函letter，报告report，备忘录memo，摘要abstract4选1；自2005年以来考了5年的信函；2010年考了通知公务信函出题可能很大。重点备考9种形式：询问、道歉、建议、推荐、求职、邀请、投诉、辞职、感谢；社交信函如：祝贺信受制于文章形式（不足80到100字），没有多少内容可写，出题的可能性小；适当留意“摘要”,词汇辨析 15 逻辑关系 5 语法知识 3 固定搭配 2,完型填空,测试考生对篇章的理解能力。虽然所给出的文章被抽去了20个词，但是整篇文章的内容仍是可以理解的。注意：第一句不含空格，为一完整的句子。而这类短文的第一个句子通常为主题句，为理解全文提供了重要的线索。,通读原文，了解大意,1999年试题第一句：Industrial safety does not just happen.很明确，该短文将讨论工业生产安全问题。1998年试题第一句：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution 很显然，本文将围绕历史学家对工业革命的评价来论述。,线索词包括上下文中出现过的词、固定搭配、习惯用语、特定句型中有关词语，或者相关句子。有的选项在孤立的语法条件下看是正确的，但如果结合上下文提供的信息来判断，却是错误的。信息词会直接或间接地提示我们寻找正确答案的线索。when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night,(A).lodging(B).shelter(C).dwelling(D).house,结合上下文，寻找线索词,重视首句，把握主题 速读全文，掌握大意 瞻前顾后，灵活答题 复读全文，检查核对,书信格式,称谓 私人信件称呼较随便，常以名相称；正式信件必须以姓相称，如:Dear Prof./Mr./Miss/Mrs.如果收信人是女性且不知道其婚否，则称Dear Ms.称呼之后用逗号；不明确收信人性别时，用Dear Sir/Madam;不明确收信人时，可用To whom it may concern;,正文 正文要简明扼要，段落清楚。结束问候语 第一个词的首字母大写，结尾加逗号。私人信件可用 Yours,正式信件可用 Yours sincerely,Sincerely yours,Yours truly,Truly yours,Yours respectfully,Respectfully yours,道歉信,1.注意：要言辞恳切，诚心诚意，指出自己并非故意伤害或得罪对方，切忌对自己的过失作过多辩解。要请对方谅解自己的过失或给对方带来的不便。需要使用 Im sorry,I apologize等字眼明确表达自己的歉意。2、正文主要有4个部分:道歉行为和内容(what)道歉的具体理由(why)弥补方法(how)进一步致歉,道歉信常用表达,I write to apologize for having caused you so much trouble.I am writing to express my apology for I am sorry for causing you all thisinconvenience.Please accept my apology for.I really didnt mean to hurt/offend/insult you.I shall not be so rude/late/careless again.,Dear Jane,(1)I am sorry to tell you that I wont be able to come this afternoon because I have to go to the airport at 2:p.m.to meet an overseas visitor from Australia.(2)I really have kept our date in my mind all these days,however,I received my boss e-mail this morning,he asked me to go to the airport to meet one of his friends from abroad,its suddenly and urgent and I must go.(3)Please forgive me.(4)Would you please ring me up to make another time?Yours,Tom(1)道歉的内容。套语：I am sorry to tell you that表明自己不 能赴约（2）道歉的具体原因 收到了上司的信函,要去机场接机 its suddenly and urgent and I must go.进一步解释,并表明自己 的无奈(3)进一步道歉 Please forgive me 求得原谅(4）提出弥补的办法,Dear _,Im truly sorry that_(道歉的原因).The reason is that _(介绍原因).Once again,I am sorry for anyinconvenience caused.Hope you can accept my apologies and understand mysituation.Yours sincerelyLi Ming,询问信,首先要说明意图，一定要注意语气要礼貌，用词要规范；然后具体展开说明请求的原因；最后表示希望对方予以答复。正文主要有3个部分：（1）介绍自己、提出请求（2）说明原因及其它事项（3）表达谢意、期盼答复,常用表达,Could you please.?Could you possibly.Would it be possible to.I would be grateful if you could.I wonder if it is convenient for you to.Would you mind doing.I would like you to.,Dear Tim,(1)I am quite sorry that I have to ask a favor of you,with the hope that you will be kind to help me.(2)I have been looking forward to applying for the entrance examination for MA candidates for a long time because I want to pursue further studies.Unfortunately I find myself far from the required standard,especially my very poor English.Finally,the personal friendship leads me to approach you with the request,whether you can give me some constructive guidance.I promise to be a diligent student.(3)If you agree,please call me as soon as you are free,I hope I can visit you twice a week.(4)Thank you very much for your kind help again.Yours,Tom,Dear _,I am _(自我介绍).I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding_.(要询问的内容)First of all,what are _?(第一个问题)Secondly,when will_?(第二个问题)Thirdly,is _?(第三个问题)I would also like to inquire _(将最重要的问题单独成段).Could you be so kind as to send me some relevant booklets on the above-mentioned aspects?Thank you for you kindness,and your prompt attention to this letter will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,Li Ming,A Letter to QuitJun 22,2005Dear Mr.Wang,First of all,please allow me to express my deep apologyto you for my resignation.I do know that this will bring about much trouble to you so that I write to you for my explanation.I decided to quit for some reasons as follows.To begin with,the job as an editor for the magazine Designs&Fashions is not suitable to me.Whats more,I am preparing for another degree and I prefer to further my study.Again,I apologize for my resignation to you!I am looking forward to your early reply.Sincerely yours,Li Ming,As a college student who is studying and living in a good environment,I wish to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial assistance to a child in a remote area.Having conceived such a plan for a long time,I write this letter to request your help to recommend a proper candidate.I wonder if it is convenient for you if three things concerning the child are taken into consideration.First,the child should come from Gansu Province,for I intend to help a child from my hometown.Second,it will be better if the child is a primary school student.I hope I will help him/her from the very beginning.In addition,he/she must be willing to return to his hometown to help built it after graduation from university.My plan will be carried out as follows.On one hand,I will remit at least 2,000 Yuan in cash every year until he/she finishes his/her education before entering college.On the other hand,I decide to teach the child math and English in person during my summer vacation,which will surely be more beneficial to the child.Your prompt help would be highly appreciated.And I am looking forward to your reply very soon.,选择你最称手的工具养成良好的阅读习惯,阅读流程 先看完全文再看题问和选择项，一气呵成 先看题问和选择项再看短文，看完短文后再做题 先主题再题问后全文，就是说先看懂大段首位句或短文第一段，大致明了文章的主题，在明了主题的情况下再看题问和题项的大致设置，最后带着问题通读全文,先文后题法优点：能够迅速明了全文的主题脉络缺点：一旦遇到题问中不熟悉的判断不得不返回到短文中寻找依据，费时费力，成功考生中使用并不多见,先题后文法,1.只看题问不看选项法优点：节约时间，而且不影响阅读速度缺点：由于不看选项，对于细节题的把握没有预期，同样要返回短文查找；2.全部看完题问和选项再看短文优点：明了全文线索，有很好的语境预期缺点：费时间，影响阅读速度,先主题后题再文法,优点：能够明了主题，能够迅速进入状态缺点：有的文章不容易一下子抓住主题，尤其是段数很大的文章 考研阅读理解选用短文的趋势之一：段数越来越多，传统的三段式短文已经越来越少了。,“真我”和“忘我”的统一,“真我”既包括实际的英语知识，也包括从报刊、新闻、网络等渠道理解到的关于西方社会的背景资料近几年考的“安乐死”、“人工智能”、“克隆”等话题，如果没有足够的背景知识的支持，要想完全理解短文的主题及所有细节是非常困难的。“忘我”在答题过程中忘记自己的英语常识以及西方社会的背景知识。规律：理解短文的时候必需根据自己的英语常识和背景知识进行判断推测，但答题时却必须忘却这一切，以文章为直接依据。,新闻自由的目的是什么？A：为了监督执政党是否廉洁B：为了更好的表达基层百姓的心声C：促进精神文明的发展，建设民主政治D：为了电脑商的利益,干绕选项的特点：,似是而非（含不完全符合）答非所问说法过于决定与原文相反随意拼凑（看上去像原文，但并没有回答问题）,文章隐藏考点,Economist(1-2篇）NewsweekTimeNew York TimesWashington Post,Passage,vocabulary+,grammar+,logic,一切从解题的需要出发来阅读文章,一.理解文章的行文思路英语文章的行文特点一般是相对固定的。文章的结构类型也相对固定。观点论证型文章的行文特点：文章必定围绕着一个主题作者通常会以引言或事例引出要议论的话题然后作者必定要提出自己的观点接下来作者会用举例等方法来论证自己的观点在文章的结尾处,作者还会提出解决问题的方法建议在做了一定量的历年真题之后,回过头来总结一下文章的结构特点,这对以后的阅读和解题都会大有裨益。,二.练成快速分清文章主次内容的本领,一篇文章所包含的内容很多,而试题往往只考查其主要思想观点和部分细节内容读了文章后面的阅读题目以后,一定确立这样一个意识:只关注和查找和试题有关的内容。(依据是,考研阅读当中的试题60%以上题型为细节题)阅读文章当中常常有一些举例的地方,其所涉及的人物往往有很长的定语,比如:Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,利用一切线索为解题服务一、连词和副词是解题的线索,是文章中的重要连接手段,它们使文章的各种内容成为一个逻辑整体。需要大家注意的词有:but,however,nevertheless,while,though,although,and,on one handon the other hand,consequently,as a result,consequently,thus等等。这些词表达着文章当中的并列、因果、转折等逻辑关系,往往是作者表明自己观点的依据,二、文中的例子和引用之处一般会出题 The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that_.The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to_.,三、带有形容词比较级和最高级部分容易出题大家对the most,further,greater,longer,more complex，above all等字词要高度敏感,这些地方往往是出题的地方。,四、结构复杂句带有许多插入成分的复杂单句,带有很多附加成分的复合句,其中以定语从句为多。,启示：,充分意识到树立大阅读意识对考研阅读复习的促进作用,从大处着眼,在具体做题实践当中将各个小的技巧贯彻落实.,感谢信,应充分表达自己的谢意，切不可给对方草率的印象。可借助谈对方的帮助来进一步表达感激之情。正文主要有3 部分:(1).对于收信人的惠助表示感谢；(2).解释感谢的原因或对方的帮助给自 己带来的好处；(3).再次表示诚挚谢意。,常用表达,I dont know how to express my gratitude for you It was thoughtful/kind/generous of you Thank you again for your generosity/hospitality/generous help/assistance I am so lucky that I am writing to express my appreciation for I hope I have the chance to reciprocate your kindness.I cannot tell you how much I owe you How grateful I am for,建议信,提出看法、建议或忠告 在肯定优点的基础上提出自己的建议或看法正文分3个部分 自我介绍、说明目的 委婉地提出建议及改进措施，或提出忠告 礼貌地总结或期盼回复,I am writing to draw your attention to the fact thatI am writing to express my views concerning(First and foremost,in addition,whats more)I hope you will find these proposals useful.I would be ready to discuss this matter to further details.,Dear _,You have asked me for my advice with regard to _,and I will try to make some conducive suggestions here.In my humble opinion,you would be wise to take the following actions:_(建议的内容)I hope you will find these proposals useful,and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details.Good Luck with your_(祝愿)Yours sincerely Li Ming,投诉信,恶劣的服务态度，劣质的产品等提出抗议和改进的建议 内容有理，批评有节表达自己的不满时，语言要把握分寸，不失风度 正文个部分：说明投诉的对象 阐述投诉的具体原因 表示希望投诉后能尽快得到改正,常用表达,I write to show my great anger at your I am writing to protest against your I am writing to complain about My complaint about your is based on the fact that Hope you will improve your I hope you will take steps to rectify this situation soon.It is high time you took some measures to solve I sincerely hope such things will never take place again.,Dear_,I am.I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_.The reason for my dissatisfaction is _(总体介绍).In the first place,_(抱怨的第一个方面).In addition,_(抱怨的第二个方面).Under these circumstances,I find it _(感觉)to _(给你带来的后果)I appreciate it very much if you could_(提出建议和请求)and I would like to have this matter settled by _(设定解决事情最后期限)Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.,阅读理解命题规律小结,推理题主要考察我们理清上下逻辑关系的能力，最难的一种。逻辑词常用的有:“infer,imply,suggest,conclude”等。技巧：1.看是否通过题干或根据选项返回原文 2.注意推理时的“最近答案”原则,注意:1.不要“想的太多,推得太远.”推理题的答案很大程度上是原文的重现不一定非要经过逻辑推理从原文得出。2.正确的选项大多含义深刻，不是常识选项；3.有些错误的干扰选项只是对原文的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论。4.一些选项因果倒置、手段多变，看似从原文推导出来的结论，实际上却与原意不符。,例证题区分论点和论据,理解单句之间、段落之间的关系 标记词有：“example,illustrate,exemplify,illustration”等。技巧：1.返回原文,找出该例证出现,即给该例证定位 2.90%向上,10%向下,搜索该例证周围的区域,找出例证支持的观点.找出该论点,并与四个选项进行比较,选出中与该论点最一致的正确答案.注意:举例的目的是为了支持论点,例子看不懂也没关系 3.错误选项特征就是就事论事!,词汇题原则：不管这个词多么超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意义；不管这个词多么熟悉，都要通过上下文得出它在特定场合下的意思。那些熟悉的普通含义即字面意思的选项一般都不是正确的。词汇的正确答案,经常蕴藏在原文该词出现的前后,句子理解题技巧：1.返回原文，找到该句子。2.对原句进行语法和词义上的精确剖析,应该重点抓原句的字面含义,不要进行归纳,演绎,推理3.一般说来,选项中的正确答案意思与原句完全相同,只不过是同义表达而已.正确选项与原句之间没有任何推理关系，往往不含有意义过于绝对化的词语。如果选项中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语，则一般是错误的,事实细节题主旨与细节是相辅相成的，确定了主题，才能深刻地理解材料；因为事实细节不会孤立出现看细节要学会“跳出来”看，即要对文章的组织结构有很清楚的认识，然后判断这个细节为什么主题服务；坚决遵循“本本主义”，文章有什么就用什么不可凭感觉发挥。事实细节题的正确选项有如下特点：一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案，但是选项的表达不可能与材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思。,主旨题理解主旨要义,主要测试考生对短文整体理解概括的能力。一般是第一或最后一个题。标志词有：“mainly about;mainly discuss;best title;suggest”等。技巧：1.注意首段和各段第一句话,将其含义连接成一个整体2.小心“首段陷阱”,不要一看开头就选择答案.,态度题1.精确理解四个选项词语的含义常见的态度词有:opposition反对 approval支持 optimistic乐观的 pessimistic悲观的 subjective主观的 objective客观的 unbiased,impartial,neutral 中立的（极少选到）sensitive 敏感的 suspicious怀疑的 cynical critical satirical 批判的 indifference冷漠(一般不选)2.不要搀杂自己的观点.3.可以寻找文中一些具有感情色彩的词 4.作者的态度与文章主旨相关联，两类题可以相互印证,三个基本的规律：世上没有绝对的事情，因此阅读选项中如果有绝对的好或者绝对的坏这种极端答案对社会的发展评价是客观积极的，因此一个答案主观或消极世界观的话，必然也不会是正确答案。如果两个选项是同义词，必然是干扰选项，正确答案必在反义词上。,不看题也得分之小技巧,考研大纲样题24题 A.Hostile B.suspicious C.approving D.indifferent考研大纲样题25题 A.only a matter of time B.far from certain C.just an illusion D.a fading hope正确答案为C选项,求职信,求职信不同于简历。在介绍自己情况时不可面面俱到，否则篇幅过长，反而不易得到重视。重点突出与所应聘职位相关的自己的特点及特长。要能体现出诚恳的态度和对工作的渴求。,求职信的内容：写信的缘由；个人情况简介，例如；年龄、性别、文化程度、工作经历、工作技能、个人专长等；推荐人或证明人姓名以供录用方查询；约定面试时间。通常随求职信附上个人简历和两三封推荐信。,常用表达：,开头：I see your advertisement in yesterdays China Daily that I am writing to express my interest in your recently advertised position for a I am interested in the post/I should like to apply for the post of which you advertised in yesterdays China Daily I should be very much like to be considered for the post of which was advertised in,结尾：Thank you for considering my application and I am looking forward to meeting you.If you need to know more about me,please contact me at I am looking for a job as and would be grateful if you would consider me for such a post in your firm.I am looking forward to your early reply/the interview.I look forward to hearing from you and I do hope I shall have the opportunity of an interview,Dear Sir or Madam,I write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in_(报纸名称)of_(广告发布时间).Not only do I have the qualifications for this job,but I also have the right personality for a _(工作名称).On the one hand,_(第一个原因).On the other hand,_(另一个原因).Should you grant me a personal interview,I would be most grateful.If you need to know more about me,please feel free to contact me at any time at _(电话号码)Thank you for considering my application,and I am looking forward to meeting you.Yours sincerely Li Ming,推荐信,一个人为推荐另一个人去接受某个职位或参与某项工作而写的信件。特定含义下指本科生或硕士研究生到其他（一般是国外）大学研究生院攻读硕士或博士学位时，请老师所写的推荐信。正文主要有三个部分：介绍推荐人和提及与自己的熟悉程度 对推荐人的评价 提及推荐者综合素质有关的内容,推荐信中常使用的一些用来描述被推荐人褒奖的形容词:capable,gifted,talented,outstanding,prominent,promising,competent,ambitiousingenious,innovative,inventive,creative,original,resourceful,imaginative diligent,industrious,conscientious,hardworkingdevoted,dedicated,committedhumorous,good-humored,cooperative,firm,persistent,persevering,kind-hearted,generous,honest,cheerful,considerate,far beyond the average person,推荐信的开头:I would like to present for your consideration in your search for a qualified manager.With reference to your requirements,I shall,without reservation,recommend as an ideal candidate.推荐信的结尾:Therefore,I dont hesitate to recommend as the right person for your consideration.Any favorable consideration to this letter would be considered a personal favor.,邀请信,邀请信的开头:I am writing to invite you to I wonder if you could come 邀请信的结尾:My family and I would feel honored if you could come.We would be looking forward to your participation in the party.I really hope you can make it.,Dear_,There will be a _(内容)at/in_(地点)on_(时间).We would be honored to have you there with us.The occasion will start at _(具体时间).This will be followed by a _(进一步的安排).At around_(时间)_(另一个安排)I really hope you can make it.RSVP before _(通知你的最后期限)Yours sincerely Li Ming,备忘录 备忘录的内容有如新闻写作，需要包括以下几个要素：谁，什么，何时，何地，为什么。备忘录有可能是 通知，也可能是呼吁人们参加某个活动或采取某个行动。注意：备忘录的收文人只要写全名即可，无需称呼语，结尾处也不需要结束语和签名。备忘录有约定俗成的结构和格式:To:收文人 From:发文人 Date:日期 Subject:事由，内容只需要用名词或动名词等少数几 个词，甚至一个词做简略陈述。Message:正文，直入主题，列出最重要的信息或结论。,To:All students of the English Department From:Class Monitor,Li Ming Date:April 15,2009 Subject:Spring Excursion As spring arrives and the weather turns to be moreagreeable,the department has decided to organize a spring excursion in suburban Huairou District,which is not far away from the city of Beijing,on this Sunday,April 20th.Activities include mountain-climbing and picnic.All students of the English Department are encouraged to participate.We remind you of the necessity of bringing some food and water,as well as wearing comfortable shoes.We will meet at the west gate of the univer