Counterfeit Parts Advisory仿冒电子元件公告.docx

Counterfeit Parts AdvisoryPolytronix, Inc.仿冒电子元件公告This document contains information about Counterfeit Parts that may be available to be used in the Manufacture/Assembly of Products or Articles that are purchased by Polytronix, Inc.PI在电子产品生产或组装过程中可能会无意用到购买回来的仿冒电子元件，故本文特此对该类仿冒电子元件进行详细介绍。Polytronix, Inc. customers have provided us with a warning that these counterfeit components are available from some distributors over the internet and from “stores” on eBay. Many counterfeit parts are hard to identify unless you compare them to a known good part or photographs similar to those in this document. 从PI客户那里得知，这些仿冒电子元件来源于网络上的某些批发商和eBay网店。通常情况下，大部分的仿冒电子元件都很难辨别，除非买家将此仿冒电子元件与已知的真货来进行对比，或者与本文里所涉及到的那些照片进行对照，便可一辨真伪。We are responsible to watch for any evidence of counterfeit parts and to inspect the assemblies that we purchase to determine if counterfeit parts have been used to complete any part of the assembly.PI有责任随时留意并检查所购买回来的电子组件，以确定电子产品的组装过程中是否有用到这些仿冒电子组件。Additionally Polytronix, Inc. has an obligation to flow down to our suppliers:另外，PI有义务将以下条款要求信息传达给PI供应商：1. The requirement that no counterfeit parts are to be used in any product or article delivered to Polytronix, Inc. to satisfy a purchase order or as a sample, representative of items that are purchased by Polytronix, Inc. in the future.供应商不得以应付PI的采购订单或样品订单为由，而向PI提供任何含有仿冒电子组件的产品。2. Information regarding any known supplier of counterfeit parts with the restriction that no part or item provided by the known supplier of counterfeit parts will be used on items delivered to Polytronix, Inc.供应商在向PI提供的任何产品中，禁止出现任何已知的伪电子组件供应商供应的电子组件。3. This requirement must flow-down to sub-contractors that a Polytronix, Inc. approved supplier may use to provide parts, materials, or assemblies for items that will be used in any item that will be delivered to Polytronix, Inc.务必将此要求传达给分包商或次供应商，该次供应商的定义为：经PI评审合格的，间接向PI提供部件，物料或组件的供应商。而其上级供应商则是直接向PI提供（包括前面所说的部件，物料或组件的）产品的供应商。4. If counterfeit parts are suspected or identified as a separate part or part of an assembly the parts or item must be immediately segregated and reported to management who will make assignments to resolve the questions. 如果某个独立元件或组装元件被鉴定为仿冒电子元件，则应立即对此独立元件或组件进行隔离，并及时向上层管理汇报此问题，以便上层管理拟定措施解决此问题。5. Upon confirmed status of any counterfeit part or assembly all parts of the same number included in the item bill of materials used will be segregated and identified for re-inspection and/or proper disposition by company management.一旦仿冒电子元件或组件被确认下来之后，组装材料里的所有具有相同型号的元件都应被隔离，待重新检查和/或由公司管理层进行恰当的处置。左图为广东省汕头市贵屿镇的一批工人正在从电子废弃堆里捡取塑料。汕头市贵屿镇距香港东北部只有几个小时的车程。该城市有5500家处理电子废弃物的家庭工厂。（西雅图时报公司，2006年）右图为一工人正在用煤炭烤架对线路板进行除焊。先用箱子里的石头撞击线路板除去焊料，而后用Pilers夹钳则可卸下芯片，然后再将芯片放入相应的桶子里。除去焊料和芯片后的线路板则被扔在一堆，以进行露天焚烧。What is a Counterfeit Electronic Component? An Aerospace and Defense Equipment Manufacturers View那究竟何谓仿冒电子元件呢？以下为一航空及国防业专用电子设备厂商的观点： Counterfeiting often involves cases where parts are offered that present a risk both to the Government Equipment Manufacturer and to the Government user. Examples include 仿冒行为案例通常涉及到：所提供的元件或产品会给民用电子设备厂商和政府主体带来风险。这样的案例包括 Parts remarked to disguise parts differing from those offered by the original part manufacturer (e.g. original manufacturer, country of origin, specified performance) 用有标志的其他元件来伪装非原厂商提供的仿冒元件。（例如，伪装成原制造商，原产地，保证性能等） Defective parts scrapped by the original part manufacture 被原元件制造商报废的有缺陷的那些元件 Previously used parts salvaged from scrapped assemblies 从报废组件中提取出来的先前使用过的元件 These are incidents that jeopardize the performance and reliability of electronics.这些行为事件已危及到电子产品的性能及可靠性。 Detection of Counterfeit Electronic Components仿冒电子元件检测It has become necessary for all distributors of electronic components and manufacturers of electronic equipment to inspect all incoming electronic components for authenticity. This document has been derived from years of inspections at our facility and recent involvement in industry committees and symposiums related to the increase in counterfeit activity. Our goal with this document is to inform you how to detect counterfeit parts and be confident in your evaluation.对所有的电子元件经销商及电子设备制造商来说，检查采购近来的电子元件的真实性已成为必然，至关重要。基于本厂多年来的电子元件检测经验，以及近来就仿冒案例增加问题而开展的一系列专题讨论会，特此拟定本公告，旨在告诉大家如何检测出仿冒电子元件，在仿冒电子元件评估过程中树立信心。The counterfeiting problem is most prevalent in mainland China. Although we do not purchase directly from that region we continue to receive counterfeit parts on a weekly basis. Often the counterfeits supplied to us are from long time good standing suppliers who are just not trained or prepared to detect counterfeits.仿冒问题在中国大陆最为突出。尽管我们没有直接从中国大陆地区采购（电子元件），但是我们每周都会收到仿冒电子元件。通常情况下，该类仿冒电子元件都是来自那些与我们长期合作的且声誉良好的供应商，但是，这些供应商却不曾受训过，也不曾打算做好检测仿冒电子元件的准备。We will start with the necessary tools to detect counterfeit or non conformant electronic components. You will need all of the standard tools for handling electrostatic sensitive parts. For the detection of counterfeits you will also need a microscope with at least 30X magnification. It is also important that you have a camera built into your microscope. Some of the processes of determining a counterfeit require you to send copies of photos to different resources for their evaluation. In addition to a microscope you will need a solvent to check for part marking permanence. Acetone is a common chemical to determine if the part has been remarked, but a less harsh solvent is a combination of 3 parts mineral spirits and one part alcohol. This is the mixture that MIL-STD-883 (method 2015.13) requires part markings to withstand.在正式开始检测仿冒电子元件或不合格电子元件之前，我们要先介绍下检测过程中需要用到的工具。在处理静电敏感类元器件时，须使用所有标准工具。检测仿冒电子元件时，也要用到放大倍数至少为30倍的显微镜。另外，显微镜里应内设有照相机，这一点也很重要，因为检测仿冒电子元件的某些过程要求检测人员将相关照片发送至不同的资源团队，以便他们进行评估。除了显微镜之外，还需要相应的溶剂来检查元件标记的耐久性。丙酮是一种常见的化学溶剂，可用来决定元件是否被重新标记过，但是，另外一种刺激性较弱的溶剂则是由溶剂油/松香水和酒精以3:1的比例混合而成。美国军用标准MIL-STD-883 (method 2015.13)要求电子元件标记必须能承受得住这种混合溶剂的擦洗。To begin inspecting incoming electronic components we start with a visual inspection of all of the packaging. Some of the signs to look for are:在说明如何检查采购回来的电子元件为仿冒元件之前，我们先了解如何目检电子元件的封装情况。以下为需要目检的项目：§ Misspellings on the manufacturers labels 检查厂商标签上是否出现拼写错误§ Verification that the date code on the label match dates codes on the parts 验证标签上的生产日期代码是否与元件本体上的生产日期代码一致§ Date codes that are not possible. ex. 0657 检查是否出现不可能的生产日期代码，例如，0657§ Date codes that are in the future 检查生产日期代码是否是将来的日期§ If parts are moisture sensitive they require a dry pack and a Humidity indicator card. Often the counterfeiters forget some piece of the moisture sensitive parts requirements. Part specific requirements can usually be found on the datasheet. 如果元件属于潮湿敏感性器件，包装时往往需要干燥混合料及湿度指示卡，而电子元件仿冒者往往会忽略了关于湿度敏感型元件的某些条款要求。若是正宗的电子元件，通常在数据资料表上都会找到元件的具体条款要求。Examination of the Indents 模腔检查Most plastic integrated circuits have cavities purposefully made during the mold process. Some of them are pin one or other designations for use in part placement, but others are just part of the plastic mold process. Mold cavities should be clean, according to the manufacturers we have spoken to. Examining these indents is our number one way of detecting counterfeit components. The counterfeiters have a very difficult time keeping the indents clean and consistent during their refinishing process. The pictures to follow are examples of what we have received in our warehouse and a small explanation of our observation follows. 在塑模过程中，大多数的塑料封装IC集成电路都会做上模腔标记。其中，部分为极性标记，但是，其它的模腔则是在塑膜过程中产生的，属于塑模过程的一部分。从那些与我们洽谈过的厂商那里得知，非仿冒封装IC芯片的模腔应该是干净的。因此，检查模腔就成为检测仿冒电子元件的首要方法。在重新收尾过程中，电子元件仿冒者很难做到保持模腔一直干净且一致。以下图片为我们从供应商那里收到的封装IC芯片，旁边的文字则是我们就检测结果所做出的相应解释。These two parts were received in the same lot and have identical part number markings. These are the same ends next to each other and you can see that one has 3 indents and the other has just 2. The shape and size of the indents are also different. One is a rounded cavity and the others are all flattened. 左图为我们收到的同一批号的两个封装IC芯片。这两个IC芯片的型号标记一样，且两个端口也相邻，但是从图片中我们可以看出，其中的一个IC芯片有3个模腔，而另外一个就只有2个模腔。而且，模腔的形状及尺寸也不一样。其中一个模腔是圆弧形的，而其它的几个模腔都是平的。Again you can see differences in the indents. The indent to the lower left looks similar, but the middle right indent is not apparent on the bottom part. This seems to occur because the counterfeiters sand down the parts to remove the old markings and then they resurface it with a process called “blacktopping”, which often fills shallow cavities. 从右图中也可以看出模腔的不同之处。右图的两个封装IC芯片中，左下方的两个模腔看起来很相似，但是下方那个IC芯片，偏右边的模腔根本就不明显。这并不会让人感到惊讶，因为仿冒者对IC芯片表面进行砂磨，以除去表面上的旧标记，而后在砂磨过的表面上涂敷上一层所谓的“沥青”涂料，形成了浅模腔。Here is a close up of an indent that has been filled in with the “blacktopping” material. These indents are never partially made during the manufacturing process. They are uniform in depth throughout the circle. This particular one is filled to the edge on one side. 左图为已用“沥青”涂敷过的模腔的特写镜头。在生产过程中，不可能出现模腔内部厚度不均匀现象。而左图的这个模腔的一边缘已被“沥青”填平，造成模腔内部厚度不均匀。The indents are always clean and uniform from the manufacturer. This indent has been filled in with the materials used to cover up the old surface.据供应商的观点，模腔通常都会很干净且厚度一致，但是右图里的这个模腔则是被涂料填充过，目的是要掩盖住原来的表面涂层。The counterfeiters are slowly figuring out that we are catching their mistakes. We have started to see an attempt to visually add an indent so all of the parts look uniform. From a naked eye this indent looks like a regular indent. With the microscope it is easy to see that they have etched a circle to create the appearance of a normal indent. 仿冒者已逐渐了解到我们在捕捉他们的错误。所以他们就企图在IC芯片表面上增加一个模腔，以使所有的IC芯片看起来都很均匀。如果用肉眼来观察，左图里的模腔看起来像是一个规则的模腔。但是，如果用显微镜来观察，则很容易发现：原来仿冒者在IC芯片表面蚀刻了一个圆圈，来制造正常模腔的假象。We are assured by the manufacturers that we speak with that they are very strict with their standards when manufacturing parts. Paint in the indents is not where it is intended, therefore it is suspect counterfeit. 相关厂商向我们保证说，在生产IC芯片时，他们对各方面的要求是相当严格的。右图IC芯片模腔里的漆是不应该出现的，但事实却是如此，因此我们怀疑它是仿冒IC芯片。This part is from the same lot code as the above part. You can see an additional problem with the differences in indents. One is much larger and another is non existent. If there is no “smoking gun” we are looking for more than one clue to make our final determination that the parts are counterfeits. In this case we have two fairly obvious anomalies which make our determination clear. 左图的IC芯片和上图IC芯片有着相同的批号代码。但是，我们可以看出模腔的另一个问题。其中，一个模腔比上图里的大，而另一个模腔却不存在。如果只是出现前面所提两者中的任何一个证据，“一个模腔较大”或“一个模腔不存在”，那我们就得搜集另外一条线索来断定该IC芯片为仿冒品，但是左图里的IC芯片却同时出现了这两个不同之处，因此，我们可以大胆断定该IC芯片为仿冒品。These 3 parts are all marked identically on the top. The indents of these 3 have completely different markings. Not only are they different, but they do not follow any pattern. It is not uncommon on legitimate parts to see similar patterns that are not identical. For example, it can be a legitimate part if you had product, that like the first one had 2 letters in the indents, but they were different letters. It could have “”BP” on another part and not be a threat of counterfeit material. It is the same with the 3rd picture. You may have a “T” on another part without cause to worry. 上图3个IC芯片的正面标记都一样，但是背面的这3个模腔的标记都不一样。不仅标记不一样，而且没有遵循一定的样式。其实，真正IC芯片背面的模腔标记图案也不一样，但是这些标记图案都会遵循某个特定的样式。例如，像上面左起第一张图片里的那样，如果是两个不同字母的标记图案，那就可以被认为是真正的IC芯片。如上面第二张图片所示，如果模腔的标记图案是“BP”，则就不会被怀疑为仿冒IC芯片。第三张图片也一样，如果模腔的标记为“T”，就不用担心会被怀疑为仿冒品。Countries of Origin原产地Most parts, which are large enough to write a country of origin, display where it was manufactured somewhere on the part. It is commonly placed in the indents, but it can be written anywhere on the part. Smaller parts often have codes within the lot codes for country of origin information, which makes it difficult to use as a deciding factor. We have done investigations with the component manufacturers and all of them we have spoken to say that a part with the same lot code as another cannot be manufactured in different countries. See the pictures to follow for examples. 大多数的IC芯片都有足够的空间来标注上原产地，以表明该芯片产于何地。原产地标志一般标在模腔内，但是也可以标在IC芯片表面上的其它地方。若是较小的芯片，一般来说，批号代码内就包括了原产地代码信息，这种原产地代码信息很难作为检测仿冒IC芯片的决定性因素。我们已经就这个问题对IC芯片厂商展开了一系列调查，结果所有的厂商都坚持这样一个观点：如果两片IC芯片的批号代码一摸一样，则其原产地必然一样。具体案例请见以下图片。It is difficult to see the marking on the right because the blacktopping has made the writing unclear, but it is marked “MALAYSIA” and the part on the left with the same top markings is marked “PHILIPPINES”. We will show close up pictures of the blacktopping problem on the right in the “Texture” section because this is a good sign of counterfeits as well. 如图所示，因涂敷上一层“沥青”涂料，右边的原产地标志很难辨别。但是，其实际原产地标志为“MALAYSIA”(马来西亚)。但是，左边的原产地标志却是“PHILIPPINES”(菲律宾)。在接下来的“IC芯片表面纹理/质地”章节中，将对该“沥青”问题进行详细介绍。因为“IC芯片表面纹理/质地”也是检测仿冒IC芯片的一个因素。Same lot code on top. Manufactured in separate countries.从左图中可以看出，IC芯片正面的批号代码一样，但是两片IC芯片的原产地却不一样。Texture IC芯片表面纹理/质地Plastic Electronic Components are typically made with a mix of fine glass and plastic. The surface of the molded package is textured when it is removed from the mold. The pin cavities are often very smooth as you can see in the previous picture. The counterfeiters have come up with a very good mixture to create a very similar surface on top of the original surface. With the naked eye it is almost impossible to determine the difference between the original surface and a fake surface. By taking a close look through the microscope there are many signs that can help you determine the authenticity of a component. See the pictures to follow for examples.塑料封装型电子元件往往都是由细玻璃及塑料混装而成。封装IC芯片离模时，其表面会形成一定的纹理。pin cavities 通常都很平滑，正如之前图片中见到的那样。于是，仿冒者就想出这么一个方法：用一种特定的混合物涂敷在IC芯片原表面上，以制造假象。如果用肉眼来观察，几乎是不可能辨别出哪一层面是原层面，哪一层面是仿冒者涂敷上去的。但是通过显微镜细微观察，我们就可以发现，有许多标记可以用来辨别电子元件的真伪。具体案例请见以下各图片。This is a close up of how the surface of the part should look. It is very hard to see in pictures, but through a microscope the differences between a typical fake and an authentic part can best be described as; the surface of a true part has a sharper and duller look. The glass in the mixture makes for sharp little peaks and valleys, whereas, when painted with the blacktopping material the peaks and valleys are smoothed over and filled in, like if you were to put a coat of paint on sand paper. This picture and description are not relevant to every part, but the majorities have this type of finish. There are some legitimate parts that have smooth plastic finishes that must not have glass in the mixture. 以上图片为IC芯片表面外观的特写镜头。从以上图片，我们是很难看出仿冒IC芯片和真正IC芯片的不同之处。但是通过显微镜观察，不同之处就可以完全体现出来：真正的IC芯片表面看起来比较锋锐且色彩黯淡。IC芯片纹理/质地内的细玻璃使得表面形成了“波峰”和“低谷”的外观。然而，若是在表面上涂敷上“沥青”涂料，“波峰”处就会被敷平，而“低谷”处则会被填平，就像在砂纸上涂上一层面漆一样。上面的图片及对该纹理/质地的描述不一定都适用于所有的IC芯片，但是大部分的IC芯片都具备这种纹理/质地。若某些真正的IC芯片表面收尾非常平滑，那么该IC芯片的纹理/质地内肯定没有细玻璃成分。As previously described, the indents are typically smooth and therefore the writing within them should not be textured either. This is an extreme example because half of the indent is filled by the blacktopping material, but if you see letters with texture on them it is most lik