《正确选择词义》PPT课件.ppt
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1、第四讲,正确选择词义,Diction,Diction措辞,用词定义Polysemy一词多义Methods方法,Diction的定义,Diction means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.措辞意即对原始文本正确理解的基础上如何正确选定译入语词语的使用。,1.英汉词字对应关系,1)词字对等。这种情况多见于专有名词,技术词汇等,如:Marxism=马克思主义Aspirin 阿斯匹林激光=laser白血病=leukemia 这些词语已约定俗成,
2、不可随意更改名称的选用。2)多种同义。这种情况在英汉翻译中较为普遍,也即是同一个词语有若干词义完全一样,但色彩意义不同的对应词,如:wife:妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人、贱内、那口子president:总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长、执事,3)一词多义。这种情况在英汉翻译中最为普遍,也即是同一个词语有若干词义不同的对应词,如:cousin:堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿、远亲、同胞等.carry:搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧、具有、包含.4)交织对应。这类情况在英汉翻译中时有发生,也即是一组词义相近的词
3、,根据不同的上下文,可以译作对应词语中的任何一个 如:英语中的say,speak,talk,tell与汉语的“说、讲、谈、诉”之间的关系5)无对等词语。翻译中的这种情况极少,偶有发生,一般用解释或音译的方式来解决英汉之间的对应关系。teenager:十三至十九岁的青少年(解释)prey:被捕食的动物、猎物、牺牲品(解释)hacker:黑客(音译),2词义辨析,词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。一般来讲,词典给出的词义解释五花八门,无从定夺。在这样的情况下,可以从四个方面来处理英语词语的具体含义:根据构词法辨别词义可以根据词的前后缀,词根、词干来辨析词义;如:miniultrasonicprober=m
4、ini(微型的)+ultra(超)+sonic(声音的)+prober(探测器);即:微型超声波探测仪macrospacetransship=macro(巨型的)+space(太空)+trans(转运)+ship(船);即:巨型空间转运飞船,2)根据指代关系辨别词义,根据人称代词、物主代词、指示代词等来辨析词义;如:(1)He father sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.他送约翰上大学,巴望能让儿子(他)出类拔萃。(2)Health is above wealth,for th
5、is cannot give so much happiness as that.健康比财富更重要,因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。(或:因为后者不能像前者那样给人以幸福。)但汉语更习惯将英语的指示代词明确说明,使用重复法。,3)根据上下文的语境或词的搭配辨别词义,语境分析(contextual analysis)是翻译的重要手段,没有一定的上下文(context),翻译就无从着手。如下面一例:Tension is building up.根据不同上下文的具体情况,可分别将其译作:(1)形势紧张起来。(2)张力在增大。(3)电压在增加。(4)压力在增强。(5)血压在增高。(6).,再如sto
6、ry一词的翻译,(1)This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.(2)It is quite another story now.(3)Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4)Hell be very happy if that story holds up.(5)The girls story is one of the saddest.(6)A young man came to Scottis off
7、ice with a story.(7),but officials refused to confirm the story.(8)The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.,在不同的上下文中,以上8个story在各句中分别具有8种不同的含义:(1)事件(2)情况(3)内部信息(4)说法(5)遭遇(6)案子(7)消息(8)报道以上各句可分别译作:(1)这场战争行将成为这一代人的最重大的事件。(2)现在的情况完全不同了。(3)有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。(4)如果
8、这一说法当真,那他就太高兴了。(5)那个姑娘的遭遇算最惨的了。(6)一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。(7)但官员们拒绝证实这条消息。(8)报道中对他的渲染减少了,不久就从美国电视上销声匿迹了。,Examples(1),This general was charged with treason.这个将军被指控犯了叛国罪。The Committee decided to put Professor Henry in charge of the research work.委员会决定让亨利教授负责这项工作。As soon as the moment for the general offensiv
9、e arrived,the soldiers charged the enemy position bravely.总攻时间一到,战士们勇猛地向敌人的阵地冲去。She complained that she had been charged too much.她抱怨说,向她收费太高了。,Examples(2),The power in place,he rammed in a long iron rod to tamp down in charge.火药装好后,他伸进去一根长铁钎以便把炸药捣实。This store will charge things you buy,and let you
10、pay for them later.这家商店将你所买的东西记入账内,让你以后付款。Having charged the battery,he set the engine in motion.电池充电后,他启动了马达。,Polysemy-一词多义,It means that one word has various parts of speech and various meanings.Faith said,“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”每一个词语在新的语境就具有不同的词性和意义。E.g.run-Websters
11、New World Dictionary of the American Language(the 2nd College Edition),Run,v.intr.(不及物动词)1.To move swiftly on foot so that both feet leave the ground during each stride.跑,奔2.To move at a fast gallop.Used of a horse.奔驰:飞跑,疾驰。用于指马3.To retreat rapidly;flee:快速撤退;逃跑:The thief seized the money and ran.小偷抓
12、了钱就跑。4.To move without hindrance or restraint:跑来跑去:自由自在地走动:These dogs always run loose.这些狗总是自由地活动。5.To keep company:结伴,交往:He runs with a wild crowd.他与一群野蛮的人为伴。,6.To go or move about from place to place;roam:走动;游荡:I am always running about,looking for my glasses.我一直在到处走,寻找我的眼镜。7.To migrate,especially
13、 to move in a shoal in order to spawn.Used of fish.洄游:尤指为产卵而在浅滩游动,用于指鱼。8.To move or go quickly;hurry:赶走,赶紧:赶快:run for the police 赶快去找警察ran for help 赶快去求救9.To go when in trouble or distress:投靠:遇麻烦或消沉时去:He is always running to his lawyer.他总是去咨询他的律师。10.To make a short,quick trip or visit:跑一趟(很短的距离):到很近
14、的地方去一会或拜访一下:ran next door to borrow a cup of sugar 去隔壁借一杯糖ran down to the store 去一趟百货店,11.To take part in a race or contest:参加比赛ran in the marathon 参加马拉松12.To compete in a race for elected office:竞选ran for mayor 竞选市长13.To finish a race in a specified position:获得ran second 获得亚军14.To move freely,on or
15、 as if on wheels:行驶The car ran downhill.汽车驶向下坡。15.To be in operation:开动,运转:The engine is running.发动机正常运转。,Methods 翻译方法,Based on the speech of the word词性选择Based on the context and the logical relations文本逻辑关系Based on the commendatory term or derogatory term词语的褒贬Collocation 词语的搭配关系,Based on the Speech
16、of the Word,Your account of what happened is not quite right.你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。Go right on until you reach the church.一直往前走,直到你到达教堂为止。Its my right of way,so that lorry must stop or slow down until Ive passed it.我有优先通行权。She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案伸冤。
17、,Based on the Context and the Logical Relations,Verbal Context-time context,place context,cultural background.E.g.George passed.,Verbs(1),We passed another town before daylight.go through by我们在天亮前经过了另一个镇。I used to pass the whole evening that way.以前我总是这样消磨整个黄昏。Now the moment has passed.现在已经错过机会了。,Ver
18、bs(2),If I kept on reading,that feeling would pass.如果我继续这样下去,这种感觉就会消失。That vessel will soon be passing us.那只船就要和我们相遇了。We know what was passing in his mind.我们知道他心理在想什么。,We passed our hands over the fabric.pass a ribbon around a package.The officers passed their troops in review before the general.He
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