戴炜栋《简明英语语言学教程》配套笔记.docx
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1、戴炜栋简明英语语言学教程配套笔记戴炜栋简明英语语言学教程配套笔记 Chapter 1 What is language? A The origins of language Some speculations of the origins of language: The divine source The basic hypothesis: if infants were allowed to grow up without hearing any language, then they would spontaneously begin using the original god-giv
2、en language. Actually, children living without access to human speech in their early years grow up with no language at all. The natural-sound source The bow-wow theory: the suggestion is that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them
3、. The Yo-heave-ho theory: the sounds produced by humans when exerting physical effort, especially when co-operating with other humans, may be the origins of speech sounds. Onomatopoeic sounds The oral-gesture source It is claimed that originally a set of physical gestures was developed as a means of
4、 communication. The patterns of movement in articulation would be the same as gestural movement; hence waving tongue would develop from waving hand. Glossogenetics This focuses mainly on the biological basis of the formation and development of human language. Physiological adaptationdevelop naming a
5、bilityinteractions and transactions Physical adaptation: Human teeth are upright and roughly even in height. Human lips have intricate muscle interlacing, thus making them very flexible. The human mouth is small and contains a very flexible tongue. The human larynx is lowered, creating a longer cavi
6、ty called the pharynx, and making it easier for the human to choke on the pieces of food, but making the sound speech possible. The human brain is lateralized. Those analytic functions (tool-using and language) are largely confined to the left hemisphere of the brain for most humans. Two major funct
7、ions of language: Interactional: a social function of language. 1 Transactional: a function involving the communication of knowledge and information B The properties of language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. a) System: combined together according to ru
8、les b) Arbitrary: no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing in the world which it refers to c) Vocal: the primary medium is sound for all languages d) Human: language is human-specific Communicative vs. Informative: Communicative: intentionally using language to communicate somethin
9、g Informative: through/via a number of signals that are not intentionally sent Design features (unique properties): the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate
10、situations of the speaker (refer to past and future time and to other locations) Arbitrariness There is no logical or natural connection between a linguistic form (either sound or word) and its meaning. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. a) echo of the sounds of obj
11、ects or activities: onomatopoeic words b) some compound words Productivity Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. (Creativity or open-endedness) Cultural transition While human capacity for language has a genetic basis (every
12、one was born with the ability to acquire a language), the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learnt. Discreteness Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. Duality Language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. Th
13、e lower or basic level is a structure of sounds which are meaningless. The higher level is morpheme or word (double articulation) The above six properties may be taken as the core features of human language. Vocal-auditory channel, reciprocity, specialization, non-directionality, or rapid fade, thes
14、e properties are best treated as ways of describing human language, but not as a means of distinguishing it from other systems of communication. C The development of written language pictograms & ideograms Pictogram: when some of the pictures came to represent particular images in a consistent way,
15、we can begin to describe the product as a form of picture-writing, or pictograms. Ideogram: the picture developed as more abstract and used other than its entity is considered to be part of a system of idea-writing, or ideogram Hieroglyph: 古埃及象形文字 Logograms When symbols come to be used to represent
16、words in a language, they are described as examples of word-writing, or logograms. Arbitrarinessa writing system which was word-based had come into existence. Cuneiform-楔形文字the Sumerians (5000 and 6000 years ago) Chinese is one example of its modern writing system. Advantages: two different dialects
17、 can be based on the same writing system. Disadvantages: vast number of different written forms. Syllabic writing When a writing system employs a set of symbols which represent the pronunciations of syllables, it is described as syllabic writing. The Phoenicians: the first human beings that applied
18、the full use of a syllabic writing system (ca 1000 BC) Alphabetic writing Semitic languages (Arabic and Hebrew): first applied this rule The Greeks: taking the inherently syllabic system from the Phoenicians via the Romans Latin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet (Slavic languages) Rebus writing Robus w
19、riting evolves a process whereby the symbol used for an entity comes to be used for the sound of the spoken word used for that entity. Chapter 2 What is linguistics? A The definition of linguistics 2 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. Process of linguistic study: C
20、ertain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are formed; Hypotheses are formulated; Hypotheses are tested by further observations; A linguistic theory is constructed. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. B The scope of linguistics General linguistics:
21、 the study of language as a whole Phonetics: the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds (or the study of the phonic medium of language) (How speech sounds are produced and classified) Phonology: is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.
22、 (How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning) Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (how morphemes are combined to form words) Syntax: the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (how morphemes and w
23、ords are combined to form sentences) Semantics: the study of meaning in abstraction Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of use Sociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to society Psycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of the mind Applied linguis
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