高三英语语法总复习名词课件.ppt
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1、名词的分类,可数名词变复数注意事项,不可数名词,名词的格,名词的分类,可数名词,不可数名词,集体名词,个体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,普通名词,专有名词,teacher,bus,.,people,crew,.,rice,air,water,knowledge,friendship,名词,China,Bill Gates,the Great Wall,Proper Nouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称,Eg:Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;New Years Day,注意:专有名词的第一个字母要大写,Common Nouns:专有名词以外的名词都
2、是普通名词,1。Individual Nouns:指作为个体而存在的人或东西。,可以指具体的人或物。Eg:aunts;a panda;apartments,也可指抽象东西。Eg:a year;fairy tales;a dream,2.Collective Nouns:表示由个体组成的集体。,Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public,集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看。一般来说,视为整体时作单数看,突出它的成员时作复数看。,Eg:His family isnt large.,Cf:His family are all
3、 music lovers.,在不少情况下,集体名词后单复数动词都可以用,没什么差别。,Eg:The audience was(were)excited by the show.,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Eg:The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Eg:The police are looking for him.,3.Material Nouns:指无法分为个体的东西。,Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;d
4、etergent(清洁剂);fur;ice;paint;paper;soil,一般来说,物质名词是不可数的,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况:,1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg:Two strong black coffees,please.(两份),Three beers,please.(三杯),It was a special tea.(一种),2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,Eg:rains(雨季)snows(积雪)waters(海域),4.Abstract Nouns:表示一些抽象的概念。,Eg:education;love;po
5、licy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.,多数情况下,这种名词常用于单数形式,不加任何冠词。,Eg:Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,有时也可以加冠词。,He works hard for the welfare of the poor.,After a brief peace,war broke out again.,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass(玻璃)copper(铜)tin(锡)paper(纸)iron(铁)wood(木头)gold(金子
6、)youth(青春)power(力量)beauty(美)pleasure(愉快)relation(关系),a glass(玻璃杯)a copper(铜币板)a tin(罐头,听头)a paper(报纸,证件,论文)an iron(熨斗)a wood(树林)a gold(金牌)a youth(年青人)a power(大国)a beauty(美人,美的东西)a pleasure(使人感到愉快的事)a relation(亲戚),英语中有许多对词,一个可数,一个不可数。,a poem(一首诗)a machine(一台机器)a job(一件工作)a laugh(一个笑声)a permit(许可证)a g
7、arment(一件衣裳)a bag(case)(一件行李)a loaf(一只面包)a hair(一根头发),poetry(诗歌总称)machinery(机器总称)work(工作)laughter(笑声)permission(允许)clothing(衣裳总称)luggage,baggage(行李)bread(面包)hair(头发),可数名词变复数的规则变化,一般在词尾加-s以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的加-es 以辅音字母加y结尾时,把y变成i,再加-es以f或fe结尾时,把f,fe改为v,再加es,变复数的几点注意项,以-o 结尾的名词加es在课本中出现的有Negro,hero,potat
8、o,tomato;其余以-o结尾的词加-s:(photo,piano,radio,bamboo,zoo,)有些以-f或fe结尾的词直接加-s(chief,cliff,belief,safe,gulf,roof,)以元音字母+y结尾的或专有名词以y结尾的直接加-s toys,Germanys,Henrys在大写字母及大写字母的缩写形式的复数中,加-s,如:three UFOs,但A、I的复数应在其后加s,如:There are two As in this word.小写字母及数字的复数形式应加s,如:two 6s three asstomach-stomachs,不规则变化,变内部元音。如:f
9、oot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen词尾加-en或ren。如:ox-oxen,child-children单复数相同。如:sheep,deer,aircraft,fish,steelworks,means,Chinese,Swiss,Japanese,.汉语音译词无复数形式。(表示度量衡,币制等单位的名词)如:five yuan,six jin,two jiao,“某国人”的复数形式:单、复数相同 Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,词尾加-s Afric
10、ans,Asians,Canadians,Australians,Italians,变man为men Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen 但:German-Germans,复合名词的复数,一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law fathers-in-law,passer-bypassers-by,looker-onlookers-on,editor-in-chief editors-in-chief无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如:grown-ups,good-for-nothings(无用的人),go-betweens(中间人),loo
11、k-outs(守望者)由man,woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors,women-drivers,women-singersboyfriends,girlfriends,boy students,girl students,常作复数的或复数形式表特别意义的名词:glasses,trousers,gloves,shoes,scissors,socks,handcuffs(手铐),jeans(牛仔裤),earnings(薪水),savings(储蓄),findings(调查结果),clothes,surroundings(环境),greetings(致敬),g
12、oods,ruins,twins,resources,woods,forces(军队),arms(军火),plastics(塑料制品),manners(礼貌),greens(青菜),times(时代),sands(沙滩),works(工厂,作品)contents(内容),thanks,congratulations,tears,ashes,.,一些物质名词有时以复数形式出现,表示不同的类别。foods(各种食物),metals(各种金属),fruits(各种水果),fertilizers(各种化肥),silks(各种丝绸),teas(各种茶),在短语中用复数形式的名词。如:do exercis
13、es,take turns,take notes,make repairs,in high spirits,as follows,hurt ones feelings,in rags,in dozens,make friends with,shake hands with,在有些短语中,名词用单复数均可。如:make faces/a face,play jokes/a joke on sb.,have talkes/a talk with在有的短语中名词用单复数,意思有差别。如:have a word with sb.(同某人说句话),have words with sb.(同某人吵架),不可
14、数名词的量的表达-“a(数词)+单位词+of”,表个数:piece(张,片,块,份)article(件)item(条)block(大块)set(台,套)sheet(张,块)如:some articles of furniture,four items of news以形状表个数:cake(块),bar(条),ear(穗),grain(粒),sheaf(捆),slice(薄片),pile(堆),loaf(块),flight(楼梯的一段),drop(滴)如:a bar of chocolate,two ears of corn,a grain of rice以容器表数量:cup,bowl,buck
15、et,box,spoonful(匙)以行为状态表数量:fit(一阵)flash(闪光,显露)ray(线)如:a fit of anger(一阵怒火),a flash of lighting(一道闪电),a ray of hope(一线希望),有些名词作不可数名词用时表抽象概念,与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表个体事物,beauty(美,美貌)-a beauty(一个美人或美物),danger(危险)a danger,failure(失败)a failure,honour(光荣)an honour(带来荣誉的人或事),must(必须)a must(一件必要的事或物),pity(遗憾)a pity
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