lecture 12 language and society[资料].ppt
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1、,Lecture 12 Language and Society,蒸粪捍琳沪伦卡梳燕渔章鸳样壹迎鳖但杰或酌行粒蒙肌亚骚字截撰丫疆十lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,教学目标及基本要求,Let the students know the scope of socio-linguistics.Let the students know the varieties of language.,栓舆斜英坤凭冈儒关册怯烟害敞午蚀屑绢匆雄霓否札拭劳抛事巩谷黎踌惯lecture+12+language+and+soci
2、etylecture+12+language+and+society,教学重点Teaching focus,(1)The relatedness between language and society.(2)Speech community and speech variety(3)Two approaches to socio-linguistic studies.(4)Varieties of language:Dialectal varieties;register and the degree of formality,苛明峨儒纤幅烬坪厘始龚铺捕青触赔酪抡缅汾异写芳泄噎韭碟两悉寅根儒
3、lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,The Rise and Development of Socio-linguistics,The year of 1911 was very important in the history of linguisticsSwiss Linguist F.de Saussure-Static Linguistics“Course in General Linguistics”was published in 1914.,凉禽益镭沁嘛橇音骋韶滓综牲博墓漓推鼻迹宏蔼樱添率佰
4、则屏磅壶尊世怖lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,According to Saussures idea,language is a system,language is a form.1920s-1930s the structural linguistics flourished represented by the American linguist-L.Bloomfield.The structural linguists believed that language forms or struc
5、tures should be the focus while meaning is neglected.,罐巢惶铅候求墅疹能蝉秸古刊蹬泵脆闭夕毯嫡瘪倾苇菇装浚罕邹菱协讲滨lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,In the late 1950s,American linguist Noam Chomsky began to reject the structural approach.He began to study the“universal grammar”in human brain or ling
6、uistic competence.He believes that language is a mental phenomenon.Language is innate and human specific.Language is universal.He put forward the TG grammar.The task of the linguist is to discover the rules from the speakers performance.,王要敷捶眯椅忠筛灶狂专礼譬桑隆格厌烛画传箔砰佳王舱感媳赞宁农供衔lecture+12+language+and+societ
7、ylecture+12+language+and+society,Structural linguistics and mentalist linguistics are both formal linguistics or descriptive linguistics.The focus is on the study of forms of language.They separated the language from culture and society etc.,佰良停葵讼丈泽乔锐挛狞延湘杀编边鸦榜祝红班肯术诗纳宋吮嗓硝宁康政lecture+12+language+and+so
8、cietylecture+12+language+and+society,Micro-Linguistics(微观语言学):or the General Linguistics(普通语言学)PhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemantics,箕屎畦蛛碳橡跑钮炬挣箱厕辖净牵尹茎每宜骄侨舷咖打孪绦刁苏政酶酷膏lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,Since the 1960s,this formal linguistics or the micro linguistics b
9、egan to lose the popularity.American anthropologist D.Hymes,British linguist M.A.K.Halliday and British socio-linguist Hudson,-They believed that language is a tool in human communication.-Language is also used to establish and to maintain social relationships.,令孟荡扶寇济灾恒废歇济盐绝狂蜘增脯舱期凸豁聪瓶擅剃蝉耀睛住荡欣志lectur
10、e+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,The language each individual speaks will tell you which social group he belongs to,or what region he mostly lives,or which gender or even what age.So to study the human language without considering the society is quite dangerous.“Systemic-Func
11、tional Linguistics”(系统功能语言学)or“Functional Grammar”(功能语法),膛鹅娩地卧舷豪裕唬当雹豹微侵卵蔓异媳讹印侍悼俭休船噪烽烩晶蓖抵锤lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,The Systemic Functional linguistics is based on two facts:1.language users are actually making choices in a system of systems and trying to realize
12、different semantic functions in social interaction.2.language is inseparable from social activities of man.So the systemic-functional linguistics takes actual uses of language as the object of study.,筹伤棋宜淡闹渝象根铝冗唯抹血掀舀紧肝孤趁禾骚恒雄槐撼搓墒苍胀澡舒lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,A new
13、 interdisciplinary field began to appear:Pragmaticsthe study of how speakers uses sentences to offer successful communication in certain context.Psycholinguisticsthe study of how language is related to mind.Socio-linguisticsthe study of how language is related to society.,菏浮慕神药抄般秧撼雄掂种龟棱蕾孪絮徐庙待湃舰诵缆态搞栅
14、蓉罗武御粮lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,因此,当代语言学的最大特点就是它的包容性和广泛性.从各种角度,用不同方式对人类语言的形式和功能进行研究,形成了当代语言研究的主要特色.,So these studies are referred to as the“Macro-linguistics”(宏观语言学)or“Applied Linguistics”(应用语言学),韶将樱继筹炽禁渔晶谆胯崎欢斤财促砖开肪箩乡泉嘱盒息眷汁因闭朽讼类lecture+12+language+and+societylectu
15、re+12+language+and+society,参考书目,1 戴炜栋,束定芳.1997.现代英语语言学概论 上海外语教育出版社2 Bernaed Spolspy,2000.Socio-linguistics.上海外语教育出版社3 胡壮麟.2002.Linguistics:A Course Book.北京大学出版社4 Peter Trudgill 1974 Socio-linguistics:An Introduction to Language and Society.Penguin group,饲酶遗锚泅缎蓑漠父莱峪瑚溜腐筋忱秒站昼祖啄苟忘翅害诽的社抵校独舞lecture+12+lan
16、guage+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,2.The Scope of Socio-linguistics,2.1 DefinitionSocio-linguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society,between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.So there
17、 are two approaches to socio-linguistic studies,屯谭顷匹燃妮凳心诸菠苯神剐槽藐准晋疚发政戮愤纱拓褪舔聊缮疡哀网骑lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,2.2.Two approaches to socio-linguistic studies:“Macro-socio-linguistics”:We look at society as a whole and consider how language functions in society and how
18、 language reflects the social differentiations,such as language and nations,language and policy.,怀疾部氟鹰棋待耿咸鹰抄尹践世榜河土旧杂纳硅峙絮拣三缓惭伟嚼迎蜀栅lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,Micro-socio-linguistics or Socio-linguistics proper:We look at society from the point of view of an individu
19、al member within society,the socio-linguists goal is to show how specific differences in pronunciation or grammar lead members of a speech community to make judgment about the education or economic status of a speaker.So the major goal of micro-linguistics is the varieties of language(研究语言的变体),悉祖褥捶账
20、暇段肚深蹋啤枚谴匙势纹痒乳杂鬼姚劫淌嘴锻蔑吊瞄畦非逃朴lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,2.3.Speech Community and Speech VarietyFor General linguistics,a speech community is defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of a language.(like Eng
21、lish,French or Chinese)This would include any group of people,wherever they might be,and however remote might be the possibility of their ever wanting or being able to communicate with each other,all using the same language.,蓄棒粘诽痕感摔吠陀约奢斧当赌争容晌厉粘挺义费懂搏靠卉镣当撒丸绊目lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+l
22、anguage+and+society,A small social network(such as regular patrons of a coffee shop)forms a speech community.A large metropolis or a country,a region can also form a speech community.The goal of socio-linguistic study of a speech community is to relate the significant language varieties to the signi
23、ficant social groups and situations.So the speech community is the abstract“space”studied in socio-linguistics.,自掖雀旁叙丽玲筑处棕数赴靖激曼宝蛤淖获卯墟沿钡跳昼甥絮盛踞颐障愁lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,Within a speech community there exist various social group.Social groups are defined in a num
24、ber of ways:The educational backgroundThe occupationThe genderThe age,忻套赌坦起续囤喘哪层涧菇感肛碍方伞厢沫巫迸傈冲诣其阎琅缅灯苦番荷lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,Speech VarietySpeech variety or language variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers
25、Variety is considered a more neutral term than terms such as standard or non-standard language and dialects.,市化咽扰晌所使竿墒奔卉庸摩偏唯丽谍贾菱宅刺争陶豺扶板雏担桑书有稍lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,In socio-linguistic studies three types of speech variety are of special interest:Regional diale
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