生态旅游的追求外文翻译.doc
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1、生态旅游的追求外文翻译 本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目: In pursuit of ecotourism 出 处: Biodiversity and Conservation, 1996, Volume 5,Number 3, Pages 277-291作 者: Harold Goodwin 原文: In pursuit of ecotourism Harold Goodwin Competing definitions of ecotourism The word ecotourism has been coined relatively recently and there remains
2、 no consensus about its meaning. Ecotourism has spread rapidly first because it has a number of different meanings and second because it has been extensively used opportunistically in marketing, 3 where the tag eco- has come to be synonymous with responsible consumerism. The tourism industry has bee
3、n quick to exploit the marketing value of ecotourism, the more so since its meaning is unclear and there is no requirement for the operator to do more than alter the packaging. The ecotourist has been variously defined in terms of visitor behaviour and philosophy. The advertising appeals to and prom
4、otes these approaches. Ecotourism is a niche market for environmentally aware tourists who are interested in observing nature Wheat, 1994, described by Steele 1993 as an economic process where rare and beautiful ecosystems are marketed internationally to attract visitors. Kelman put it bluntly a tou
5、r advertised as environmentally friendly can be just as suspect as many of the products tarted up with green packaging at your grocery store Wight, 1994. The World Travel and Tourism Environment Research Centre in its 1993 World Travel and Environment Review defined ecotourism as tourism with the sp
6、ecific motive of enjoying wildlife or undeveloped natural areas WTIERC, 1993, making no distinction between nature tourism and ecotourism. Others have also used ecotourism and nature tourism synonymously Lindberg, 1991; Aylward and Freedman, 1992. Ceballos-Lascurains, 1987 definition has been used b
7、y others Boo, 1990: Stewart and Sekartjakrarini, 1994: travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations both past and prese
8、nt found in these areas. In these terms, nature-oriented tourism implies a scientific, aesthetic or philosophical approach to travel although the ecological tourist need not be a professional scientist, artist or philosopher. The main point is that the person who practices ecotourism has the opportu
9、nity of immersing himself/herself in nature in a manner generally not available in the urban environment. quoted in Boo, 1990. Ziffer 1989 offered a definition which combined motivation, philosophy, conduct and economic benefit to conservation:Ecotourism: a form of tourism inspired primarily by the
10、natural history of an area, including its indigenous cultures. The ecotourist visits relatively undeveloped areas in the spirit of appreciation, participation and sensitivity. The ecotourist practices a non-consumptive use of wildlife and natural resources and contributes to the visited area through
11、 labor or financial means aimed at directly benefiting the conservation of the site and the economic well-being of the local residents. The American based Ecotourism Society was founded in 1990 as a center for research,information and policies on developing ecologically sound tourism in natural area
12、s around the world. The Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as:purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the culture and natural history of theenvironment, taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem, while producing economicopportunities that make the conservation of natural re
13、sources beneficial to local people Wood,1991 . These definitions are broadly drawn, seeking to combine ecological and cultural tourism activities, often within frameworks which address philosophy and motivation. The US Office of Technology Assessment of the American Congress concluded that: While so
14、me ecotour operators are out simply to make a profit with little consideration of environmental and social issues, others are sensitive to these issues and may actively contribute to conservation projects/goals U S OTA, 1993. They pointed out that there is a:wealth of literature.whichaddresses the n
15、ature and growth of ecotourism, its potential environmental and sociological impacts and planning and management issues. no definition of ecotourism has been universally accepted, data are commonly questionable, and much information and study is needed to assess the impact of nature travel US OTA, 1
16、993. Ecotourism is often defined prescriptively. Consider for example the National Eco-tourism Strategy published in 1994 by the Mexican Secretariat of Tourism in cooperation with the World Conservation Union Table 2. It has developed a long list of characteristics of ecotourism which constitute a h
17、ighly prescriptive definition, one which has been taken-up by the World Tourism Organization WTO, 1995. It is interesting to note that there is only one reference to protected areas and that where ecotourism is identified as a suitable mechanism for improving links between local communities and prot
18、ected area managers. Definitions of this nature are difficult to use analytically. The World Tourism Organization WTO definition of ecotourism will be the one which is used to determine the volume of ecotourism and to measure its value world-wide. The emerging definition of ecotourism within the WTO
19、 and the one which will therefore prevail is derived from Australia. Australias National Ecotourism Strategy defined ecotourism as Nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable Commonwealth Department of Touri
20、sm, 1994. The report recognizes that the natural cnvironment includes cultural components and that to be ecologically sustainable there must be an appropriate return to the local community and a contribution to the hmg-term conservation of the resource WTO, 1995. Ecotourism rediscovered Ecotourism i
21、s no panacea. A critical approach to ecotourism is essential if it is to be harnessed for the conservation of habitats and species. Ecotourism will not be significantly different from conventional tourism unless it is carefully managed and controlled Cater,1993. Protected area managers and conservat
22、ionists need to take more control over thedefinition and use of the concept and over the supervision of its practise. There is an urgent need to put the ecology back into ecotourism Valentine, 1993 in order to establish a symbiotic relationship between nature based tourism andconservation. For gover
23、nments and development agencies ecotourism has much to offer in diversifying rural economies in LDCs in urgent need of foreign exchange. Tour operators will continue to use ecotourism as a marketing tool. It is difficult for consumers to get accurate information about the tours which they are offere
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