Sexism in English and Chinese英语专业毕业论文.doc
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1、英语和汉语语言文化中的性别歧视Sexism in English and Chinese ContentsAbstract. 1 Key words1I. Introduction2 II. Different Views about Sexism.3III. Sexism in Languages 5 1. Sexism in word-formation rules.52. Sexism in the lexicon6 IV. Sexism in Social Life71. Sexism in names .7 2. Sexism in place names.8 V. The Caus
2、es of Sexism in English and Chinese.9 1. Historical factors9 2. Physiological and psychological factors.10 3. Cultural factors .10 VI. The Desexism in the English and Chinese.11 VII. Conclusion .11 References 12 Sexism in English and ChineseAbstract: The research on sexism in English can be traced t
3、o a long time ago. In the 1920s many linguistics and socialists have put forward this view that there were so many words in English that can only be used for male or female. The research on sexism in Chinese just followed womans rights movement in 1919. Words that show the discrimination based on ge
4、nder, especially discrimination against women are very common phenomenon not only in past period but also in our time. Studying this issue would help English learners understand both languages and cultures from this aspect. It will also benefit us to focus on the comparison and contrast of these two
5、 languages. Furthermore, it helps us establish our harmonious society, hence more and more linguistics and socialists are doing their contributions to such problem. This paper discusses sexism in the two languages and cultures from a comparative perspective.Key words: Sexism; English and Chinese; La
6、nguages and Cultures摘要:很久以前就有人对英语中的性别歧视现象进行了研究。二十世纪的二十年代,许多语言学家和社会学家认为英语中的大量词汇只能单独用于男性或女性。中国的性别歧视研究是在“五四”运动跟随西方女权运动而兴起的。基于性别的差异而出现的语言歧视,特别是针对女性的现象不仅存在于过去也存在于如今。通过对这一现象的研究不仅能帮助英语学习者更好的了解二者的语言和文化,而且能让我们受益非浅通过对汉语和英语的对比研究。更重要的是它将有助和谐社会的建立。因此,越来越多的语言学家和社会学家投入到这项工作中。这篇问章将从对比的角度讨论汉语和英语语言、文化中的性别歧视。关键词:性别歧视;
7、 英语和汉语; 语言和文化I. Introduction Language is the carrier and mirror of culture. All kinds of phenomena, good or bad, can be reflected in it. Firstly, let us find out what sexism is. Webster Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary provides a definition: prejudice or discrimination based on sex; especially discri
8、mination against women. Longman English Dictionary gives another explanation: based on sex, especially man looks down upon female. America Traditional Dictionary gives such a definition: one sex directs the other, esp. man looks down upon female. So, based on the above definitions, “sexism” refers t
9、o the gender discriminations against female at the most time.Otto Jesperson, a Danish linguist, in his Growth and Structure of the English Language (1923), pointed out that English is the most masculine language as far as he is concerned. So its necessary to discuss sexism in English.The phenomenon
10、of sexism exists in English. Does it exist in Chinese? Of course, it does. Like other cultures, China has a long history of sexist social conventions, and the Chinese language is pervaded with evidence of sexism. Something in the Chinese tradition never quite gave woman her due from primeval times.
11、The respect for woman, certain tenderness toward the female sex, which was characteristic of the Teutonic races already in their barbaric days, was absent in the early pages of Chinese history. As early as the time of the folk songs, collected in the Book of Poems, there was a gender inequality, for
12、 “when a baby boy was born, he was laid on the bed, and given jade to play with, and when a baby girl was born, she was laid on the floor and given a tile to play with.” However, woman was not subjected until she was civilized. The progressive subjection of woman followed pace by pace the increasing
13、 development of Confucianism. Confucianism saw that this sexual differentiation was necessary for social harmony. Perhaps, it was quite near the truth or maybe not. And the author of Womans Guide, Pan Chao, was the great exponent of the “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”. The Three Obediences were:
14、 when a woman is in her maiden home she obeys her father; when married she obeys her husband; and when her husband dies she obeys her son.” Furthermore, in the Ming Dynasty this doctrine of chaste widowhood became an official institution. Along with the development of Confucian theory, woman has to
15、face more and more inequality, such as Concubinage and Footbinding.In the next place, “language is the mirror of the society.” A language reflects all the aspects of a society. Thus we can understand their unique cultures and languages themselves through study English and Chinese. Meanwhile, languag
16、e is the carrier of culture. Therefore, to learn their cultures is the most efficient and best way to learn English and Chinese. The sexism is an essential part of culture, to study and compare the sexism in English and Chinese can facilitate our command of these two languages and cultures.II. Diffe
17、rent Views about Sexism We can find the earliest trace of sexism in some earlier western works, esp. in the book, Bible, which is regarded as one of the sources and foundation of western literature, as following: The Lord God took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh. And the rib that
18、the Lord God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man. Then the man said, “This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; this one shall be called Woman.” Man was first to be created by God while woman was then made from one of his ribs. From the order of the b
19、irth, it is obvious to see the different importance of man and woman. And man and woman are not equal at all because woman is only a part of man, in itself is the discrimination against women. It is said in the Holy Bible that the first sin is also committed by the woman who was seduced by the snake
20、 into eating and having the man eat the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Therefore, woman is always related to the trouble and the wickedness. Holy Bible influences the Western culture and social values so much that it is referred to as the origin of sexism in English. We can fin
21、d the root of sexism in Bible. But, as a graduate paper we should pay much more attention to its development.Language and gender relations on the first inspection took place in ancient Greece, Rome. As time goes on, people want to explain the definition of “genus” in grammar so they had brought forw
22、ard such an assumption. The earliest linguists who focused on gender language should be Denmark Jespersen. In 1923 he published The Development and Structure of English, a book in which he said: “English is the language most familiar to me and is a gender language”. He thought that English is the mo
23、st masculine language. In his another book, Language we can find a whole chapter entitled “Womens Language”, but we can not correspondingly find the male language sections, which clearly implies that a standard for comparison: male language. So from the very beginning, we put the male language as a
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