考研英语翻译(第四讲).ppt

考研翻译和完形填空,主讲人：党立新,外国语学院,考研翻译完形高分策略,考研翻译完形高分策略,三.翻译“三步曲”之三：找差异，调语序,在翻译的“三部曲”里第一步的任务是：理清英语句子的逻辑语义关系第二步的任务是：针对句中实词进行语义选择第三部的任务是:找差异，调语序 翻译的过程不仅是语言形式的转变，更是思维方式的变换。首先，我们来比较英汉在定语位置方面的差异,考研翻译完形高分策略,英语：中心词前置的语言(head-first language)汉语：中心词后置的语言(head-last language),3.1 英语定语在后，汉语定语在前-定语前移,3.1.1“左二右六”的英语定语结构规律（英语修饰定语的规律性）黄金公式限定词+形容词+中心词+六类右置定语形容词短语,介词短语分词短语不定式短语形容词短语定语从句同位语从句,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.1.2 定语从句的翻译技巧,前置法(适合于限定性定语从句，且句子比较短的情况下）2003/T61Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.分析：in which they live,environment结合起来，译成“生存的环境”-前置法。译文：而且人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的观念和想法。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2004/T62（2）We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished,as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.分析：who spoke them 采用的前置法，译成“说这些语言的”。译文：我们之所以感激他们（两位先驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.拆句法 前提：从句太长，不符合汉语表达的习惯 方式：并列句 位置：名词后面可以重复先行词，尤其是在先行词比较复杂的情况下 用代词指代先行词 省略先行词。2005/T47 In the Europe,as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasingly successful:groups which bring together television,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another.分析：which and that 两个定语从句,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.拆句法分析：首先要找到各自修饰的先行词。直译：在欧洲，就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团已经成为越来越成功的、把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志以及出版社带到一起的集团。改译：在欧洲，就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互间有密切联系的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志以及出版社组合在了一起。,考研翻译完形高分策略,1991/T744)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.分析：首先，that引起的定语从句要单独译成一个分句。其次，从句的先行词是high-energy American fashion,重复 先行词，译成“这种耕种方式”。译文：这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以这种美国式的高能量消耗的耕种方式继续下去了，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。,考研翻译完形高分策略,1994/T725)“In short”a leader of the new school contends,“the scientific revolution,as we call it,was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumberable directions.分析：首先分析定语从句 其次找出从句的先行词the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments 重复先行词译文：新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所谓的科学革 命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2004/T65Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which,in its strongest form,states that language imprisons the mind,and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.分析：which 引导的定语从句 确定其先行词，用代词来替代它译文：沃尔夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端的说法是：语言囚禁思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2002/T647)They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.分析：首先，in which 相当于in practices，同时找到they 的所指 译文：自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责，并视其业绩而接受肯定的必不可少的前提。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.换句法 英语中的某些定语从句具有状语从句的功能，在逻辑意义上与主句有状语关系，说明原因、结果、让步或条件。翻译时要善于发现这些逻辑语义关系，译成汉语中相应的偏正复合句。非限定性定语从句尤其如此。1992/T73-译成时间状语从句 8)Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid“or“fair”comparison.分析：限定性从句 withsubjects,通过拆句，我们把它译成一个时间状语从句“在对我们的对象进行比较时”。with the scale 搭配，作状语，而非与compare 搭配译文：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.换句法 1990/T64 译成条件状语从句9）Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析：首先找到定语从句who,where,which 译成一个条件句“如果一个儿童在有许多刺激的环境中长大”，然后重复“这些刺激物”来翻译which译文：行为主义者的看法是：如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中长大，而这些刺激物又能培养其作出适当反应的能力，那么他/她就会有比较高的智力发育水平。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.2英语多长句，汉语多短句-化繁为简 汉语是向左走的语言；英语是向右走的语言There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic 1996 Gr 分析：There was a very interesting remark 中心词 in a book 介词短语 by an Englishman 定语1 that I read recently 定语2 giving what he thought was a 分词短语reason for this American characteristic试译：在我最近看过的一本由英国人写的书里有一句十分有趣的话他认为给出了美国人这种性格的理由。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.2英语多长句，汉语多短句-化繁为简译文：我最近看过一本书，英国人写的，我还记得书里有一句十分有趣的话，作者认为这句话说明了美国人为什么会是这种性格。(1)首先汉语的连句手段少，重表意，不重结构。汉语的句子结构比较松散，句子之间的逻辑关系主要通过句子本身内在的意义和上下文语境来连接,较少借助连词和介词等形态手段-意合。汉语句子往往呈现出大量的短句连短句并列使用的现象，句子本身反映不出主次。(2)英语句子尚逻辑，大量使用逻辑关系连接词，即通过严谨的句法结构形式来达到表意的目的-形合性。其严谨的句法结构使其主次关系一目了然。她说话时打手势的动作像她妈妈 She resembles her mother in the way that she moves her hands when she talks.,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.2英语多长句，汉语多短句-化繁为简Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.分析：Descriptive statistics is a tool 主系表结构for describing or summarizing or reducing 介词短语作定语to comprehensible form 介词短语前置the properties of an otherwise unwieldy 三个动词的宾语 mass of data.译文：描述统计学一种工具，用于对大量数据的特性进行描述，总结或归纳。不借助该工具，这些数据就难以处理。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.3英语多物称，汉语多人称1999/T741)There si no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.分析：there be 句型，根据汉语的表达习惯-人们对此意见不一。译文：所谓方法，是指一般的历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域连同的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.3英语多物称，汉语多人称2）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips,computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,relaxation will be in front of smell-television,and digital age will hav earrived.分析：抽象名词relaxation做主语，我们可增加逻辑主语人们译文：儿童将于装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。3）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.分析：interest是抽象名词，翻译时加“人们。译文：人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.3英语多物称，汉语多人称3.3.1 如何转换视角：变人称为物称 1.利用形式主语it 5）It had never occurred to me that he is the murderer.译文：我从没想到过他竟然就是凶手。6）It came as a big surprise that I wa sstill able to fight for our cause.译文：我很惊讶，我依然还能够为我们的事业而奋斗。7）It is impossible for us to grasp English overnight.译文：我们不可能一夜之间学好英语。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.3英语多物称，汉语多人称 2.there be 句型（3）There is much discussion today about sth.译文：现如今，人们广泛争议，经济快速增长是否需要。（4)There has been a bond between this man and this woman for quite some time now.译文：男人和女人间长期以来建立了某种关系。3.主动句变被动句（5）a.We know very little about the nature of human beings.b.Little is known aobut eh nature of human beings.译文：对于人类的本性，我们尚知之甚少。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.3英语多物称，汉语多人称 3.被动句与主动句 2005/T46（1）Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent evernts in Europe.分析：by which these feelings are created and conveyed被动结构，若翻译成“这些感受被引发和传递”显然不地道。译文：电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一，-在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，作用之大，前所未有。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.3英语多物称，汉语多人称 3.英语的被动句与汉语的主动句主动出击1993/T75 2）And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.分析:三个谓语都采用的被动结构，都可以转化成主动表达，“以为，相比和掌握”译文：许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.3英语多物称，汉语多人称 3.英语的被动句与汉语的主动句主动出击1992/T75 3）On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence,but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared,and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.分析：四个谓语分别采用了被动结构，主动化以后分别为:“得出结论，能够假定这个孩子，与他比较，扣分”译文：总的说来，得出这种结论是有一定（程度的）把握的，但必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与之比较的孩子的态度一样；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的相关知识而扣分。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.4 英语多静态，汉语多动态-动静转换 英语的静态：大量使用名词及其短语（尤其正式文体），汉语多动词；英语的介词也体现了静态，汉语介词较少，英语多定语成份等都增加了其静态性。3.4.1 英语中名词转化为汉语表达的动词 1）A little politeness goes a long way.译文：有“礼”走遍天下。2）There was a strong police presence at the anti-nuclear rally.译文1：反核大会的上有大批警察的存在。2：反核大会的周围部署了大批警察。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.4 英语多静态，汉语多动态-动静转换 3）The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.分析：名词短语：The emphasis on data gathered first-hand，如果译成“对第一手搜集来的资料的强调”，肯定不符合汉语的表达。-“强调搜集来的第一手资料”。第二个名词短语，增加“采用”使其动态化。这样，整个句式就成了”强调.,采用，使得.成为”译文：强调搜集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.4 英语多静态，汉语多动态-动静转换 4）Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comortable suppot for all,people will have to accept more“unnatural food”.分析：这里把 sense 转换成“意识到”译文：除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度；使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，够则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.4 英语多静态，汉语多动态-动静转换 3.4.2 英语中形容词转化为汉语表达的动词 5)Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid“or“fair”comparison.分析：sure 译成动词“确保”译文：既然对智力的 评估师比较而言的，那么我们必须确保在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度是有效的或公平的。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.5 总结：英语重形合，汉语重意合-得意忘形 形合和意合，指出了句中各个成份之间的修饰关系。在转化中要想做到：“得其意，忘其形”必须充分理解成份 之间的关系,根据上下文对词汇准确地理解。3.5.1 词汇层的“得意忘形”1）I dont think the quality of the dish justifies the price you charge.分析：justify是关键。本意是:证明.是正当的，为辩护译文1：我不认为这个菜的质量证明了你所要的价格是正当的。译文2：我认为，就凭这盘菜这种质量，你定的价格不合理。译文3：我认为你这道菜质次而价高。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.5 总结：英语重形合，汉语重意合-得意忘形 2）Much to the anti-somkers regret,tobacco cannot be un-invented.分析：un-invented 是关键译文1：令反对抽烟的人十分遗憾的是，烟草并不能不被发明。译文2：另反对抽烟的人十分遗憾的是，人类无法回到没有烟草制品的时代。3)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items of the seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.分析：explanatory item 是理解的关键，词典中给出的item“项目，条款”之意，根据上下文中提到的 behavioral science continues to trace beharior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nuture,and so on,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.5 总结：英语重形合，汉语重意合-得意忘形 从而归纳出：“用以解释的依据，要素，内容，项目”译文：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。3.5.2 句法结构乘此的“得意忘形”2002/T65 4)Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibley the only way to solve our problems.分析：until字面“直到这些问题得到解决，研究行为的技术手段.改译将表示时间关系的连词until换成表条件“如果.不”两个并列句，第二个句子省略了成份 the only way to solve our provlems will continue to be rejected.It 指代a technology of behavior,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.5 总结：英语重形合，汉语重意合-得意忘形 译文：如果这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也会随之继续受到排斥。2007/47On the other,it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner wich is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news分析：wich is parallel to the links journalists forge 译文：另一方面，这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相同的。,