句子成分的倒装、省略、分隔.ppt

,第八章 句子成分的倒装,主讲2008年 8 月14日,西安电子科技大学,8.1 定义,正常语序：,主动句：,被动句：,状语主补保留宾语,倒装语序：凡是与上述语序不同的语序，就称为倒装。,主语谓语宾语宾补,主语谓语,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,1、全倒装,（1）表语,介词短语形容词副词,+系动词+主语,西安电子科技大学,Of wider application is the fact that matter usually expands when its temperature is increased and contracts（收缩）when its temperature is decreased.,8.2 分类,（2）状语,介词短语副词there,+不及物动词+主语,1、全倒装,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,From this condition follows Eulers equation（尤拉方程）.,1、全倒装,In this case there results a potential difference（电位差）between the two points.,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,（3）分词,过去分词现在分词,+is(are,)+主语,注：汉译时可用“what从句”来等效。,1、全倒装,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,Shown in Fig.1 1 is the block diagram（方框图）of a radio transmitter（发射机）.,(=What is shown in Fig.1 1),1、全倒装,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,2、部分倒装,先做动词填空题：,By no means _ positive charges _(move)in a wire.,By linear operation（线性工作）_(mean)the ability of an amplifier to amplify a signal with little or no distortion（失真）.,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,By A is meant B A指的是BBy A we/one meant/meants B,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,2、部分倒装,先做动词填空题：,There _(show)a block diagram of a digital computer in Fig.1 1.,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,2、部分倒装,（1）以,only+状语,修饰谓语或整个句子的具有否定词义的副词或介词短语,so=also,开头的句子要部分倒装（其方法与构成一般疑问句类同）。,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,Only when the force is known as a function（函数）of time can this integral（积分）be evaluated（求值）.,By no means do positive charges move in a wire.,2、部分倒装,Not all the students here are from Shannxi Province.,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,常见的一些否定副词有：never（永不）,hardly（几乎不）,scarcely（几乎不）,rarely（难得，几乎不）,not only（不仅）,not until（直到后才）,little（一点也不）,seldom（难得，几乎不）,not always（不总是），neither,nor等等。,2、部分倒装,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,常见的一些否定含意的短语有（一般都可译成“决不，绝不”）：by no means,in no way,at no time,in no case,on under no condition,under no circumstances,on no account等。,2、部分倒装,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,2、部分倒装,（2）,被动语态be+个别形容词,介词短语there,+,+主语,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,By a family of curves（曲线族）is meant a specified（特定的）set（组）of curves which satisfy given conditions.,2、部分倒装,西安电子科技大学,Consider first the RC filter（滤波器）of Fig.2 7 to which is applied the square wave（方波）of period（周期）T.,8.2 分类,There is present a magnetic field which varies with time.,2、部分倒装,西安电子科技大学,There is shown the block diagram of a digital computer in Fig.1 4.,8.2 分类,*中国在任何情况下决不会首先使用核武器（nuclear weapons）。,2、部分倒装,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,Under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.,2、部分倒装,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,2、部分倒装,（3）把要强调的部分或较短的部分提前,把要强调的部分放在主语前,A、“宾语主语谓语”,This process we call automation.,This point we shall discuss in detail later.,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,2、部分倒装,B、“状语表语等主语动词”,With pressure（压力）the gap（间隙）decreases.,西安电子科技大学,Certain it is that all essential（关键的）processes of plant（植物）growth and development（发育）occur in water.,8.2 分类,2、部分倒装,（3）把要强调的部分或较短的部分提前,把较短的部分提前,A、“主语谓语宾语补足语宾语”,西安电子科技大学,We call insulators（绝缘体）these substances which prevent the passage of electricity.,8.2 分类,2、部分倒装,That still leaves（留有）to be explored（探索）an area ten times as great as the continents（五大洲）of the earth.,A、“主语谓语宾语补足语宾语”,西安电子科技大学,8.2 分类,2、部分倒装,B、“主语谓语状语宾语”,Only when we exert（施加）on an object（物体）an upward（向上的）force sufficient in magnitude（数值，大小）can we lift（提起）it.,西安电子科技大学,第九章 句子成分的省略,主讲:冯倩 讲师2006 年 7 月14日,西安电子科技大学,并列句中的省略：第二个分句中与第一个分句相同的东西可以省去。（这时前后两个分句的句型必定是相同的）,9.1 并列句中的省略,判断这种省略的关键是抓等立连接词（主要是“and”；有时用分号）：,在连词后似乎是“乱七八糟”的；,对照前面的分句，找出省略的东西。,西安电子科技大学,The emitter junction（发射结）of a transistor requires forward bias（正向偏置）and the collector junction（集电结）reverse bias（反向偏置）.,Matter consists of molecules and molecules of atoms.,9.1 并列句中的省略,西安电子科技大学,The first condition for equilibrium（平衡）ensures（确保）that a body should be in translational（平动的）equilibrium;the second,that it be in rotational（转动的）equilibrium.,9.1 并列句中的省略,西安电子科技大学,In the table（表）,a notation（标记）of infinite（无限大的）impedance（阻抗）indicates that the terminating（终端的）impedance should be a minimum（最小值）of 10 to 100 times the nominal（标称的）impedance at the specific port（特定端口）,and zero that it should be well less than a tenth the nominal impedance at the port and less than a hundredth if possible.,9.1 并列句中的省略,西安电子科技大学,两个介词（或一个介词和一个动词等）共用宾语的情况,It is necessary to find out the current through,and the voltage across,the resistor.,In the primary（初级）the induced（感应的）voltage is practically（几乎）equal to,and opposes,the applied voltage.,9.2 两个介词共用宾语的情况,西安电子科技大学,It is the existence of and the ability to control precisely（精确地）these two independent charge-transport mechanisms（传送电荷的机制）that make possible all junction（结型）semiconductor devices.,9.2 两个介词共用宾语的情况,西安电子科技大学,*这位教授（professor）在研究（research）和应用（application）沃氏函数（the Walsh Functions）方面起了积极的作用。,9.2 两个介词共用宾语的情况,西安电子科技大学,This professor has played an active role in the research on and the application of the Walsh Functions.,9.2 两个介词共用宾语的情况,西安电子科技大学,1、一般形式,从属连接词+,形容词分词介词短语名词,（省去了“it is was”或“they are were”）,9.3 省略式状语从句,西安电子科技大学,Metals expand when heated.,A constant number,however=no matter how large,is never spoken of as infinite（无穷大）.,2、固定表示法,if any,if so,if not,9.3 省略式状语从句,西安电子科技大学,ifwhenwheneverwherewherever,possiblenecessary,Each new development is naturally（自然）at first very imperfect（不完善的）and few,if any,people recognize its possibilities.,9.3 省略式状语从句,西安电子科技大学,3、在由“no matter=ever”引导的从句中可省去“is;are;may be”,The same physical principles are involved（涉及）whatever the shape of a conductor.,The ammeter（安培表）(whatever its resistance)reads the current through it.,9.3 省略式状语从句,西安电子科技大学,一个特殊句型：由“hence thus”引出的句中一般均省去谓语动词“comes results”,The stream（流）of electrons is emitted from the cathode（阴极）of the electron gun（电子枪）,hence the name“cathode ray.”,9.4 一个特殊句型,西安电子科技大学,The transistor in the figure（图）has its semiconductor materials arranged p-n-p;hence the name pnp transistor.,Proteins（蛋白质）are essential（必不可少的）to the growth and the rebuilding（恢复）of body tissues（人体组织）hence their importance.,9.4 一个特殊句型,西安电子科技大学,从上下文容易理解的省略现象,Although the proof of Fouriers theorem（傅氏定理）is beyond（超出）the scope（范围）of this book,the application is not.,9.5 从上下文容易理解的省略现象,西安电子科技大学,第十章 句子成分的分隔,主讲:冯倩 2006 年7 月14日,西安电子科技大学,10.1 主语与其修饰语的分隔,句型：,不及物动词被动语态系动词及其表语,主语的修饰语,主语谓语,定语从句介词短语同位语从句分词短语动词不定式,西安电子科技大学,10.1 主语与其修饰语的分隔,A feeling（感觉）has developed in society that technology must be controlled.,No chance exists for such a device to be realizable（可实现的）.,西安电子科技大学,10.1 主语与其修饰语的分隔,The evidence（证据）is conclusive（确凿的）that electric charge is not something that can be divided（分割）indefinitely（无限地）.,A study will be made of the percentages（百分比）of usable and defective（有缺陷的）parts produced by a particular machine.,西安电子科技大学,10.2 两个后置定语同时修饰某一名词的情况,1、,被修饰的名词,定语,定语,（1）短语 短语,（特别注意“of短语”）,（2）短语 从句,（3）从句 从句,（4）从句 短语,西安电子科技大学,This illustrates the coupling（耦合）between input and output terminals inherent（固有的）in transistors.,Instability（不稳定性）is the tendency in certain systems of a quantity（量）associated with（与有关）energy,such as current,to increase indefinitely（无限地）in the absence（不存在）of excitation（外部激励）.,10.2 两个后置定语同时修饰某一名词的情况,西安电子科技大学,What lies behind this meeting is an increasing awareness（认识）around the world of the urgency（迫切性）of reducing global warming.,10.2 两个后置定语同时修饰某一名词的情况,西安电子科技大学,The opposition that a conductor offers tending to impede（阻止）the transmission（输送）of electricity is called electrical resistance.,10.2 两个后置定语同时修饰某一名词的情况,西安电子科技大学,10.2 两个后置定语同时修饰某一名词的情况,2、两个句型,（1）“名词+介词短语+of 数量”,定语,The solid-state（固态）radar has a mean（平均的）time between failures（故障）of 1,400 hr.,定语,西安电子科技大学,10.2 两个后置定语同时修饰某一名词的情况,2、两个句型,（2）“名词+介词短语+of-短语”,定语,定语,这一结构主要来自于搭配关系:,“名词+of-短语+介词短语”,定语,定语,（主要因为前面的比长的缘故）,西安电子科技大学,Collector modulation（集电极调制）has the advantages over base（基极）modulation of better linearity（线性）,higher collector efficiency and higher power output.,10.2 两个后置定语同时修饰某一名词的情况,西安电子科技大学,10.2 两个后置定语同时修饰某一名词的情况,What the forward bias（正向偏置）achieves essentially is the injection（注入）into the depletion layer（耗尽层）of electrons from the conduction band（导带）of the N-type material.,（the injection of A into B）,西安电子科技大学,10.2 两个后置定语同时修饰某一名词的情况,An added advantage of this method is that it makes it possible for us to see the effect on the overall（整个）waveform of the absence（缺少）of some of the constituents（成分）（for instance,the higher harmonics（高次谐波）.,(the effect of A on B),西安电子科技大学,10.2 两个后置定语同时修饰某一名词的情况,These graphs（曲线图）summarize the variations with frequency of the resistance of a resistor,and of the reactances（电抗）of an inductor（电感器）and of a capacitor（电容器）.,(the variation of A with B),西安电子科技大学,10.3 其它情况,Let us use for the upper limit（上限）on the integral（积分）the variable（变量）t.,For the circuit above,let the current i(t)that is produced by the source be described by the function of time shown in Fig.1 4.,西安电子科技大学,10.3 其它情况,The material（物质）exhibited（呈现）unique（独特的）properties as it melted（熔化）from a solid to a liquid state that could not be explained by the naive（幼稚的）understanding of matter at the time.,西安电子科技大学,EX12:788,794,805,810,813,821,825,834,838,844,846,856,863EX13:868,874,887,897,907,915,919,928,931EX14:936,938,943,951,955,965,970,975,980,986,995,1007,1011,1017EX15:1023,1028,1033,1036,1041,1048,1050,1056,1062,1069,1082,1096,1102,1116,1124,1130,EX16:1134,1140,1146,1160,1164,1172,1175,1178EX17:1183,1191,1201,1210,1216,1225,1231,1234EX18:1235,1238,1245,1251,1261,1263,1270,EX19:1272,1278,1284,1293,1296,1298,1308,1314,1318,1327,1333,1336,1342,1346,1355,1357EX20:1360,1365,1375,1379,1390,1406,1410,1415,1420,1426,1430,1438,1441EX21:1445,1454,1463,1471,1482,1492,1500,1508,1516,1530,1538,Test:,(1)Students are not familiar with all these problems.(2)The faster the body moves,the greater kinetic energy it will possess.(3)This value is nearly 4.5 times greater than the ideal one.(4)The voltage across the resistor is a few tenths of a volt.(5)Simple in structure and low in price,this device is in great demand.(6)It remains now for us to determine coefficient.(7)We have defined length and time units with which to measure a.,(8)Energy is defined as the ability of a body to do work.(9)For a transistor to function normally,it is necessary to apply proper voltage to its electrodes.(10)We have to find how large to make X so as for this inequality to hold.(11)The free electrons in a conductor carrying charge also play an important role in the conduction of heat.(12)In this case,an emf is induced in the direction coinciding with that of current,opposing the decrease of current.(13)This current changing,the magnetic field will change,(14)Being a good conductor of electricity,copper is widely used in electrical engineering.(15)With Q2 on,the voltage fed to the base of Q3 rises.(16)Upon substituting the actual magnitudes,V turned out to be the velocity of lights.(17)While X can only lied between-1 and+1,there are an infinite number values of y for every value of X.(18)There is a growing awareness that these techniques are also of value in some other areas.(19)Energy can be transmitted from one point to another by means of what is called“wave motion”.(20)As the name suggests,the wave length is the length of a complete wave.,(21)The alternating current is the very current that make radio possible.(22)Fig.10 shows the application to this situation of maxwellian distribution of molecular velocities.(23)As radio waves travel along the surface of the earth,part of its energy will be lost.(24)This kind of reactor creates more fuel than it consumes.(25)The voltage gain is the number of times a stage,or a number of stages amplifies the signal.,