电气工程概论-第六章-电工新技术.ppt

电气工程专业导论,1,第六章 电工新技术,一、电工新技术的发展趋势二、超导电工技术三、聚变电工技术四、磁流体发电技术五、磁流体推进技术六、可再生能源发电七、磁悬浮列车技术八、燃料电池技术九、飞轮储能系统十、脉冲功率技术十一、微机电系统,电气工程专业导论,2,图6-1 电工新技术的分类,一、电工新技术的发展趋势,电气工程专业导论,3,二、超导电工技术,图6-2 液氦温区低温超导材料NbTi导线,电气工程专业导论,4,二、超导电工技术（续）,图6-3 液氮温区高温超导材料Bi系带材,电气工程专业导论,5,超导现象 1911年荷兰科学家昂纳斯（H.Kamerlingh Onnes）在测量低温下水银电阻率的时候发现，当温度降到-269附近，水银的电阻突然消失。超导态的两个基本性质：一是零电阻效应；二是完全抗磁性，又称迈斯纳（Meissner）效应，即在磁场中超导体只要处于超导态，则它内部产生的磁化强度与外磁场完全抵消，从而内部的磁感应强度为零，即磁力线完全被排斥在超导体外面。,二、超导电工技术（续）,电气工程专业导论,6,二、超导电工技术（续）,图6-4 超导体的完全抗磁性现象,电气工程专业导论,7,二、超导电工技术（续）,2.超导技术的应用,超导电机,图6-5 83MW超导发电机超导转子（左）与试验车间（日本）,电气工程专业导论,8,图6-6 5MW船用高温超导推进电动机,电气工程专业导论,9,图6-7 5MW船用高温推进电动机结构图,电气工程专业导论,10,图6-8 300kW超导单极电动机（武汉712所等）,图6-9 由超导电动机作动力的吊舱式螺旋推进器（图片来源：ABB公司）,电气工程专业导论,11,超导变压器,图6-10 500kW,6600/3300V高温超导变压器（日本）,图6-11 26kW高温超导变压器（中国科学院电工研究所等）,电气工程专业导论,12,超导输电,图6-12 2000A高温超导电缆结构云电英纳超导电缆公司,电气工程专业导论,13,图6-13 30m长、35kV、2kA高温超导电缆云电英纳超导电缆公司,电气工程专业导论,14,超导储能,图6-14 超导储能装置的储能线圈,图6-15 2 MJ超导储能设备（德国）,电气工程专业导论,15,超导磁悬浮列车,图6-16 日本超导磁悬浮列车,电气工程专业导论,16,超导在电气工程领域的其他应用 超导电磁线圈：应用于托克马克装置、磁流体发电机等；超导磁悬浮轴承：无机械摩擦，稳定好。总之，超导电工已由最初的超导磁体技术扩展到了包括超 导电力应用与强磁场应用等领域，随着低温超导技术和高 温超导技术的不断发展，特别是如果实现了临界温度达到 室温的实用超导体，将带来革命性的改观。,电气工程专业导论,17,三、聚变电工技术,与裂变反应堆主要依靠核工技术与热工技术的 结合而发展起来的历史不同，聚变反应堆的发展 主要依赖于核工技术与电工新技术的结合，因为 需要的关键技术超导技术、大体积强磁场技术、大能量脉冲电源技术、辅助加热技术、等离子体 控制技术都属于电工新技术。,电气工程专业导论,18,图6-17 托克马克装置原理（环形核聚变反应装置）,电气工程专业导论,19,图6-18 基于托克马克的核聚变电站原理,电气工程专业导论,20,四、磁流体发电技术,当前，世界各国的电力主要来源仍旧是火力发电，但这种 发电方式的热效率很低，最高只有40%。磁流体发电的热 效率可以从火力发电的30-40%提高到50-60%甚至更高。磁流体发电是将高温导电燃气或液体与磁场相互作用而将 热能直接转化为电能的新型发电方式。,电气工程专业导论,21,图6-19 磁流体发电原理与试验装置（日本）,电气工程专业导论,22,图6-20 磁流体发电用超导磁体（中国科学研究院电工研究所）,电气工程专业导论,23,五、磁流体推进技术,磁流体推进船,图6-21 日本超导磁流体推进船,电气工程专业导论,24,等离子磁流体航天推进器,（a）（b）图6-22 等离子推进器（a）结构示意图（b）“SMART-1 号”探测器等离子推进器的喷口,电气工程专业导论,25,风力发电,图6-23 风力发电站与电力系统并网,六、可再生能源发电,电气工程专业导论,26,图6-24 海上风力发电机正在安装（丹麦）,电气工程专业导论,27,太阳能发电 主要有三种：一是使太阳能直接转变成热能，即光热转换，如太阳能热水器；二是使太阳能直接转换成电能，即光电转换，如太阳能电池；三是使太阳能直接转变成化学能，即光化学转换，如太阳能发电机。1945年，美国贝尔电话实验室制造除了世界上第一块 实用的硅太阳能电池，开创了现代人类利用太阳能的 新纪元。,电气工程专业导论,28,图6-25 太阳能发电的四种方式（a）槽型抛物面（b）菲涅耳透镜（c）盘形抛物面-中心接受器（d）分布平面塔式接收器,电气工程专业导论,29,图6-26太阳能热发电站,图6-27 塔式太阳能热电站 原理示意图,电气工程专业导论,30,图6-28 太阳能光伏电池阵,电气工程专业导论,31,七、磁悬浮列车技术,图6-29 磁悬浮列车分类,电气工程专业导论,32,日本超导磁悬浮列车,图6-30 日本超导磁悬浮列车 的转向架,图6-31 日本超导磁悬浮列车 的导轨结构,电气工程专业导论,33,德国常导磁悬浮列车Transrapid,图6-32 Transrapid原理,电气工程专业导论,34,日本常导磁悬浮列车HSST,图6-33 日本名古屋常导磁悬浮列车（Linimo）,电气工程专业导论,35,永磁磁悬浮列车,图6-34 德国柏林永磁半悬浮列车,电气工程专业导论,36,八、燃料电池技术,燃料电池的雏形是1839年由英国科学家格罗夫（William Robert Grove，1811-1896）提出的（当时称为“气体伏打电池”）。,图6-35 燃料电池的外部结构图,电气工程专业导论,37,图6-36 为计算机供电的燃料电池,电气工程专业导论,38,第一代燃料电池，碱性燃料电池，效率最高，但成本昂贵；第二代燃料电池，磷酸型燃料电池，技术先进，实用；第三代燃料电池，熔融碳酸盐型（MCFC）电池，效率比磷酸 型高，燃料也不仅仅限于氢气，是一种大容量发电燃料 电池；第四代燃料电池，固体电解质型燃料电池（SOFV），性能优 良，电解是固体，因此免去了腐蚀和溢漏的危险；第五代燃料电池，聚合物电解质型薄膜燃料电池（PEMFC），与氢能源关系十分密切；最近又出现了生物燃料电池，具有功率大，体积小，效率 高，成本低等优点。,电气工程专业导论,39,九、飞轮储能系统,图6-37 瑞士1955年试制的 飞轮储能轨道试验车,图6-38 飞轮储能系统,电气工程专业导论,40,飞轮储能的应用,电力调峰,电动车辆飞轮电池,飞轮储能-再生制动系统,风力发电系统不间断供电,卫星姿态控制,大功率脉冲放电电源,其他应用,电气工程专业导论,41,图6-39 电力系统中的飞轮储能装置,电力调峰,电气工程专业导论,42,电动车辆飞轮电池,图6-40 英国Bristol的新型 纯飞轮供电有轨车,电气工程专业导论,43,飞轮储能-再生制动系统,图6-41 德国采用飞轮储能装置 的LIREX混合动力轻轨列车,图6-42 美国内燃机发电机-飞轮 储能混合动力公交车ATTB,电气工程专业导论,44,图6-43 轨旁飞轮储能再生制动系统,电气工程专业导论,45,卫星姿态控制,图6-44 卫星姿态控制用飞轮系统,电气工程专业导论,46,大功率脉冲放电电源,图6-45 航天飞机电磁发射示意图,电气工程专业导论,47,十、脉冲功率技术,脉冲功率技术的基础是冲击电压发生器，也叫马克斯发生器或冲击机，是德国人马克斯（E.Marx）在1924年发明的。,图6-46 马克斯发生器,电气工程专业导论,48,目前，脉冲功率技术的发展方向是提高功率水平，具体的主攻方向是：提高储能密度，研制大功率和高重复率的转换开关，向着高电压、大电流、窄脉冲、高重复率的方向发展。脉冲功率技术的应用：强激光的研究 强脉冲X射线 核电磁脉冲 高功率微波武器电磁炮,电气工程专业导论,49,图6-47 电磁发射装置,电气工程专业导论,50,图6-48 国外研制的电磁炮,电气工程专业导论,51,十一、微机电系统,微机电系统（Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems，MEMS），是融合了硅微加工、光刻铸造成型和精密机械加工等多种微加工技术制作的集微型传感器、微型执行器以及信号处理和控制电路、接口电路、通信和电源于一体的微米（10e-6m）尺寸微型机电系统。,电气工程专业导论,52,图6-49 微机电系统电机和一根头发的对比（显微图）,图6-50 微机电系统继电器（放大图）,电气工程专业导论,53,图6-51 微机电系统陀螺仪,电气工程专业导论,54,图6-52 封装好的微机电系统产品,电气工程专业导论,55,图6-52 微机电系统卫星（概念图）,电气工程专业导论,56,谢谢!,电气工程专业导论,57,Chapter 6 New Technology of electrotechnics,电气工程专业导论,58,1.Developments of Electrotechnics,1.Tendencies of Electrotechnics2.Superconductor Electrotechnics3.Nuclear Fusion Electrotechnics4.Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation5.Magnetohydrodynamic Propulsion Technology6.Renewable Power Generation7.Magnetic Levitation Train8.Fuel Cells9.Flywheel Energy Storage Systems10.Pulsed Power Technology11.Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems,电气工程专业导论,59,2.Superconductor Electrotechnics,Liquid Helium region low temperature superconductive material NbTi wire,电气工程专业导论,60,Liquid Nitrogen region high temperature superconductive material-Bi series tapes,电气工程专业导论,61,Superconducting Phenomenon A momentous discovery by Dutch scientist H.Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911,that the resistance of the mercury turned to zero when the temperature below-269.It is a phenomenon displayed by some materials when they are cooled below a certain temperature,known as the superconducting critical temperature,Tc.HTS:high Tc superconductor Below Tc,superconducting materials exhibit two characteristic properties:Zero electrical resistance;Full diamagnetism(Meissner Effect).When the superconductor below its critical temperature，and a magnet is brought near to it,the inner magnetic field intensity of the superconductor is completely expelled to zero,behaving as a full diamagnet.,电气工程专业导论,62,Meissner EffectA superconductive disk on the bottom,cooled by liquid nitrogen,causes the magnet above to levitate.The floating magnet induces a current,and therefore a magnetic field,in the superconductor,and the two magnetic fields repel to levitate the magnet.,电气工程专业导论,63,Applications,Superconducting motor,83 MW superconducting rotor and its test plant(Japan),电气工程专业导论,64,5MW HTS ship propulsion motor,电气工程专业导论,65,5MW HTS ship propulsion motor structures,电气工程专业导论,66,300kW superconducting homopolar motor（712 institute of Wu Han,China）,Superconducting motor podded propeller,电气工程专业导论,67,Superconducting transformer,500kW,6600/3300VJapan HTS transformer,26kW HTS transformer(Institute of electrical engineering Chinese academy of science),电气工程专业导论,68,Superconducting power transmission,2000A HTS cableInnopower superconductor cable Co.,Ltd.,Beijing,电气工程专业导论,69,30m length、35kV、2kA HTS cables system,电气工程专业导论,70,Superconducting magnetic energy storage(SMES),SMES coil,Germany 2 MJ SMES,电气工程专业导论,71,Superconducting magnetic levitating train(Maglev),Japan superconducting Maglev train,电气工程专业导论,72,Applications in electrical engineering Superconducting coil:Tokamak device,Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation Superconducting Maglev bearing:No mechanical friction,Steady In short,superconducting electrotechnics has gained advanced development from superconducting magnet to superconducting power applications fields.With the development of LTS and HTS technology,some badly expected practical house Tc superconductors will be founded.Once this happens,the whole world of electronics,power and transportation will be revolutionized.,电气工程专业导论,73,3.Nuclear fusion electrotechnics,In contrast to nuclear fission reactor,which based on the integrating withNuclear and heat engineering technology,the combination with new technology of electrotechnics is the mainstream to research fusion reactor,such as superconducting,strong magnetic field,high pulsed power,assistant heating,plasma technology.,电气工程专业导论,74,Principle of Tokamak device(Toroidal nuclear fusion device)Deuterium-Tritium-Helium,电气工程专业导论,75,Tokamak fusion reactor power plant,电气工程专业导论,76,4.Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)Power Generation,At present,the efficiency of coal-fired power generating is poor about 30-40 percent,while MHD power generation could reaches 50-60 percent or even higher.MHD power generation is that a new method to generate electric power from heat energy by interactions between hot gas or liquid and magnetic field.,电气工程专业导论,77,Principle diagram of MHD power generator and test devices,电气工程专业导论,78,Superconducting magnet of MHD power generator(Institute of electrical engineering Chinese academy of science),电气工程专业导论,79,5.Magnetohydrodynamic Propulsion Technology,Magnetohydrodynamic propulsion ship,Japan superconducting MHD propulsion ship,电气工程专业导论,80,Plasma Magnetohydrodynamic spaceflight propeller,（a）（b）Plasma MHD propeller（a）Structure sketch map（b）Propeller spout of“SMART-1”detector,电气工程专业导论,81,Wind power generation,Wind power plant and grid connected,6.Renewable Power Generation,电气工程专业导论,82,Offshore wind power generation being installed（Denmark）,电气工程专业导论,83,Solar power generation Three principles：1）Photothermal conversion,using the sun to heat water and produce steam to run electrical turbines,such as solar water heater;2）Photoelectric conversion,converting solar energy to DC electricity,such as solar cells;3）Photochemical conversion,chemical energy being generated from solar energy.Four methods to collect solar energy,showed in the figures as follows:,电气工程专业导论,84,Four methods of solar generation(a)Parabolic trough(b)Fresnel lens(c)Solar dishes(d)Solar power towers,电气工程专业导论,85,Solar thermal power station,Solar power tower sketch map,电气工程专业导论,86,Solar photovoltaic arrays(PV arrays),电气工程专业导论,87,7.Magnetic levitating train(Maglev)technology,Maglev trains classification,电气工程专业导论,88,There are two types of Maglevs:ones that use like magnets which repel each other and ones that use opposing magnets that attract with each other.Ones that use repelling magnets are called Superconducting Maglevs,while Electromagnetic Maglevs use opposing magnets.,How does a Maglev Train work?Each project is developing its own version of Maglev but the main difference rests on the way the magnetic field is generated.The German model and the Japanese HSST(High Speed Surface Transport)use Electromagnetic Suspension(EMS).China in its Shanghai Maglev uses German technology.EMS uses the attractive magnetic force of a magnet beneath a rail to lift the train up.The Yamanashi Maglev(Japan)and the projected Florida Maglev use Electrodynamic Suspension(EDS).EDS uses a repulsive force generated by the interaction between the magnetic fields in the train and the rail to push the train away from the track.The project in Los Angeles(Indutrack)uses Permanent Magnet EDS.,电气工程专业导论,89,Japan superconducting Maglev trains,Superconducting Maglev bogie,Superconducting Maglev track,电气工程专业导论,90,Germany normal-conducting maglev:Transrapid,Principle of Transrapid,电气工程专业导论,91,Japan normal-conducting HSST Maglev,Normal conducting maglev-Linimo in Nagoya,JapanHSST:High Speed Surface Transport,电气工程专业导论,92,Permanent Maglev(PM),Berlin permanent magnet half levitating train,Germany,电气工程专业导论,93,8.Fuel cells,British physicist William Robert Grove,1811-1896,produced the first fuel cell in 1839(called“Gas Voltaic battery”at that time).,Fuel cell exterior structure,电气工程专业导论,94,Fuel cell as Computer power supply,电气工程专业导论,95,Main types of fuel cells:First generation,alkaline fuel cell(AFC),high efficiency but cost much;Second,phosphoric acid fuel cell(PAFC),advanced and very practical;Third,molten carbonate fuel cell(MCFC),higher efficiency than PAFC,used to generate strong power;Fourth,solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC),used solid electrolyte,avoids the danger of electrolytes corrosion and leakage;Fifth,proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC),closely related to hydrogen energy;In recently,there appeared a new type fuel cell called microbial fuel cell(MFC),large power,small size,and high efficiency.,电气工程专业导论,96,9.Flywheel Energy Storage,Switzerland flywheel energy storage track test vehicle in 1955,Flywheel energy storage system,电气工程专业导论,97,Applications,Power grid peak shaving,Electric vehicles flywheel battery,Flywheel energy storage-regenerative braking system,Wind power generation systems uninterrupted power supply,Satellite attitude control,Discharging pulsed high power supply,Other applications,电气工程专业导论,98,Flywheel energy storage device in power system,Power grid peak shaving,电气工程专业导论,99,Electric vehicles flywheel battery,Bristol new tramcars with flywheel power supply,电气工程专业导论,100,Flywheel energy storage-regenerative braking system,Germany hybrid power light rail train“LIREX”with flywheel energy storage,America internal combustion engine generatorflywheel energy storage hybrid public transit“ATTB”,电气工程专业导论,101,Flywheel energy storage-regenerative braking system beside the track,电气工程专业导论,102,Satellite attitude control,Flywheel system of Satellite attitude control,电气工程专业导论,103,Discharging pulsed high power supply,Space shuttle electromagnetic launch,电气工程专业导论,104,10.Pulsed Power Technology,Pulsed Power Technology developed from impulse voltage generator,also called Marx generator,originally described by German E.Marx in 1924.,Marx generatorCharge up capacitors in parallel,and discharging them in series,电气工程专业导论,105,Proof-of-Concept,Principle,Marx Generator,电气工程专业导论,106,Pulsed Power Technology:Currently the mission is to improve power levels,and itsmain research topics are,increasing energy density,high power and repetition rate switches research,high current narrow pulse achieving,etc.Pulsed power technology Applications High power laser Intense pulse X-ray Nuclear electromagnetic pulse High power microwave weapon Electromagnetic gun,电气工程专业导论,107,Electromagnetic launcher,电气工程专业导论,108,Electromagnetic gun,电气工程专业导论,109,11.Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems,Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems,MEMS.Integrated with silicon micromachining,photo-etching,precision machining,mini-sensor,micro-actuator,signal processing,control or interface circuits,communication and power supply it develops the micrometer scale Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems.,电气工程专业导论,110,MEMS motor contrast to a hair,MEMS relay(Magnified),电气工程专业导论,111,MEMS gyroscope,电气工程专业导论,112,Packaged MEMS products,电气工程专业导论,113,MEMS satellite(Concept one),电气工程专业导论,114,Thanks!,