英语修辞手法大全.ppt

Figures of Speech,Figures Of SpeechIn English Stylistics,Simile,A figure of speech in which one thing is liken to another,in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image.It is an explicit comparison recognizable by the use of the word like or as.(A Dictionary of Literary Terms),Simile,w 1.Origin:Latin,meaning like w 2.Comparative words:like,as w 3.Functions:describing shape,scenery;expressing emotions;explaining;vivid description,making easy to understand;creating interest.,Structure of a Simile,Tenor+comparative word+vehicleSubject+comparative word+referenceExample:My love is like a red red roseTom is as tall as his brother(not a simile)Tom is as tall as a Maypole.(simile),Type One:like,Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress:those who are without want to get in,and those within want to get out.,Type Two:as As firm as a rockAs mute as a fishAs strong as a horseAs brave as a lionAs obstinate as a cowAs white as snowAs black as ink/pitchAs changeable as the weatherAs wet as a drowned ratAs blind as a batAs fat as a pigAs proud as a peacockAs fresh as a rose,Type Three:what,Two Patterns:A is to B what C is to D.What C is to D,A is to B.,Type Three:what,Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter.作家的笔犹如战士的枪。.,Type Three:what,What sculpture is to a block of marble,education is to the soul.教育之于心灵犹如雕刻之于大理石。What salt is to food,wit and humor are to conversation and literature,Type Four:than,A home without love is no more than a body without a soul.He had no more idea of money than a cow,Type Five:and,Love and cough can not be hid.爱情像咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的。Truth and roses have thorns about them.Kings and bears often worry their keepers.A word and stone let go cannot be recalled.说出去的话就像抛出去的石子，是收不 回的。,Type Six:others,Who is to blame but her tyrant of a father.怪谁呢？只怪她那暴君般的父亲。A doctor must have the heart of a lion andthe hand of a lady.当一个医生必须有狮子般的胆量和仕女般的巧手。,Simile,O,my loves like a red,red rose,Thats newly sprung in June:O,my loves like the melody Thats sweetly played in tune.Robert Burns,Simile,啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰；六月里迎风初开；啊，我的爱人像一曲甜蜜的歌；唱得合拍又柔和。,The first line of the poem above,O,my loves like a red,red rose,is a simile.To communicate his feelings,the poet invites the reader to perceive in his sweetheart some of the properties of a rose.Properties this might include are beauty,freshness,scentedness,specialness and rarity.Greenfly,thorns or blight,also common properties of roses,are likely to seem appropriate points of comparison,bearing in mind what we know of the context.,Metaphor,A figure of speech containing an implied comparison,in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.(Websters New World Dictionary),Metaphor,A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another.The basic figure in poetry.A comparison is usually implicit;whereas in simile it is explicit.(A Dictionary of Literary Terms),Metaphor,Metaphors are often easy to identify and take the form X is Y.Something or someone is being compared to something or someone else through a construction using the appropriate part of the verb to be(i.e.am,are,is,was,were,will be).,Metaphor,Education is not the filling of a pail,but the lighting of fire.教育不是将桶装满水，而是将火点燃。Money is a bottomless sea,in which honor,conscience,and truth may be drowned.金钱像无底的海洋，将荣耀、良知和真理淹没。Marriage is a book of which the first chapter is written in poetry and remaining chapters in prose.,All the worlds a stage,And all men and women merely players;They have their exits and entrances,And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages(Shakespeare,As you Like it)The first clause sets up the basic comparison.The tenor and vehicle invoked by the firstline are elaborated in the lines that follow.The metaphor makes possible for the literary writer to explain things vividly in great detail.,Metaphor,The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it.Some books are to be tasted,others swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.(Of Studies,Bacon)She has a photographic memory for details.The mountainous waves swallowed up the shipA policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic.,Metonymy(借代）,A figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.(Websters New International Dictionary),Metonymy,Definition:one thing for another;associationwMetonymy is Greek for a change of name Function:brief,vivid,interestingExample:What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave(from the cradle to the grave从生到死）,A thousand mustaches can live together but not four breasts.千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。The pen is mightier than the sword.He keeps a good table.(待客周到,以丰盛的饮食招待客人)She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful.The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face.China won 4 golds and 5 silvers.We drove a Ford to Hyde Park.,Metonymy,This is the struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.It is a pity that there is more ignorance than knowledge in the country.She has retired from the stage to teach.,The glories of our blood and state,Are shadows,not substantial things;There is no armour against fate;Death lays his icy hand on kings;Sceptre and CrownMust tumble downAnd in the dust be equal madeWith the poor crooked Scythe and Spade.(Shirley,The Glories of our Blood),In this poem,four metonyms are used:Sceptre,Crown,Scythe,and Spade.Sceptre and Crown are things that kings and queens carry and wear to represent their power and authority,and are therefore metonyms for kings and queens.Scythe and Spade are things used by peasants or farm workers,and are therefore metonyms for peasants.What Shirley is trying to say is that death comes to all people,the noble and the humble alike.The idea would have been expressed much less effectively,if metonyms had not been used.,显贵王侯全会倒毖，与贱民并肩齐埋在尘土之中。在这首诗中诗人借皇冠(crown)和君主节杖(sceptre)来代替显贵王侯、君主贵族。借农民常用的工具大镰刀(scythe)和铁锹(spade)代表农民大众。诗人运用借代这一修辞手段形象生动、简洁地表达了一种不可抗拒的自然规律：无论是至高无上的君主，还是卑微的劳苦大众在死神面前一律平等。,Parody,(Piece of)writing intended to amuse by imitating the style of writing used by somebody else.(Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English),Parody,Literary or musical composition imitating the characteristic style of some other work or of a writer or composer,but treating a serious subject on a nonsensical manner,as in ridicule.(Websters New World Dictionary),Parody,Definition:imitation of well-known sayingsFunction:humorous,ironical,interestingExample:,Parody,I have no outlook,but an uplook.My place in society was at the bottom.我没有人生观，但我有“上爬观”，我的地位在社会的最底层。,Parody,A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.难中的朋友是要躲避的朋友。这句话明显是仿A friend in need is a friend indeed.而来的。,Parody,It is said Jane has fallen in love with Jack.Yes,but she says she had hesitated for a longtime before she finally walked into love.据说简与杰克坠入了情网。是的，不过她说她曾经犹豫了很长一段时间最后才步入情网。,Reagans conduct in the Governors office did at least demonstrate that his conservative bark often carried little bite when he tackledthe practical problems governing his state.(Time,April 28,1980)里根在州长任上的行为至少显示他在处理州里的实际问题时并不像他大叫大嚷的那些保守的调调厉害。bark often carried little bite 是根据谚语Hisbark is worse than his bite.(心地不如嘴恶)仿拟出来的。,“Twinkle,twinkle,little bat!How I wonder what youre at!”“You know the song,perhaps?”“Ive heard something like it,”said Alice.“It goes on,you know.”the Hatter continued,“in this wayUp above the world you fly.Like a tea tray in the sky.Twinkle,twinkle”(l.Carrol,Alices Adventures in Wonderland),“一闪，一闪，小蝙蝠！我不知道你往哪里飞！”“你也许知道这首歌吧？”“我听过相似的歌，”艾丽斯说，“你知道下面还有呢。”帽匠继续道“是这样的离开地面的你高高地飞翔像个茶盘在天上一闪一闪”,艾丽斯漫游奇境记中帽匠关于蝙蝠的歌明显是仿拟英国诗人Jane Tayor写的著名儿歌The Star的第一节：Twinkle,twinkle,little star,How I wonder what you are!Up above the world so high.Like a diamond in the sky.,Parody,Original:Where there is a will,there is a way.Imitation:Where there is a will,there is a relative.,Parody,A bird in hand is worth two in the bush：it is better to be content with what one has than to risk losing everything by being too greedy.(一鸟在手胜于二鸟在林）A husband in hand is worth two in the bush.bite off more than one can chew:attempt to do too much or something that is too demanding.(试图做过多的事或太费周折的事）He married a bit more than he could chew.,A stitch in time saves nine(一针及时，可省九针）A word in time saves nine.To be or not to be,thats the problem.(生存还是毁灭，这是个问题)To lie or not to liethe doctors dilemma.,To err is human;to forgive divine(人孰无过):It is human nature to sin and make mistakes and therefore one should be as forgiving as possible.To eat is human;to digest,divine.,Personification,A figure of speech in which a thing,quality,or idea is represented as a person.(Websters New World Dictionary),1.O,my loves like a red,red rose,Thats newly sprung in June:O,my loves like the melody Thats sweetly played in tune.Robert Burns 啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰；六月里迎风初开；啊，我的爱人像一曲甜蜜的歌；唱得合拍又柔和。(王佐良译）,2.Kindness is the golden chain by which the world is bound.(Goethe)仁爱是联结世界的一条金链。,3.The rain to the wind said“You push and Ill pelt,”They so smote the garden bedThat the flowers actually kneltAnd lay lodged though not deadI know how the flowers felt.(Robert Frost),雨对风说：“你来狂吹，我来猛落。”他们俩就这样在花圃上施暴虐于是花儿们便七歪八倒叶残瓣破最后终于倒下了尽管还奄奄一息活着我知道花儿们此时心中感受如何。,例1是明喻，将爱人比作花朵，比作乐曲；例2是隐喻，将仁爱比作金链条，都是静止的比喻。例3作为拟人格却活泼得多，风和雨都成了人，变成了冷酷、残暴、以施虐为乐的人，风和雨狂吹猛落直把花儿摧残得奄奄一息。,How soon hath Time,the subtle thief of youth,stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!(Milton)时间，这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷，盗窃了我二十又三年飞去了。在十七、十八世纪的古典诗歌中，诗人们出于对神话和传统的尊重，常喜欢把自然现象人格化。诗人按照传统把Time比拟做人。,Personification,Love,free as air,at sight of human ties,spreads his light wings,and in a moment flies.爱情，自由得像空气，一见到人间的羁绊，伸展开他的翅膀立即飞开。,Personification,here let them lieTill famine and ague eat them up.(Shakespeare:Macbeth)让他们去撒谎吧直到饥荒与疟疾把他们都吃掉。饥荒与疟疾都是可以置人于死地的，所以，用eat up 把这些灾祸拟人化，是很贴切的。,Personification,A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.真理还来不及穿上鞋子，谎言已经走遍了半个世界。,The Rose and the GardenerThe Rose in the garden slipped her bud,And she laughed in the pride if her youthful blood,As she thought of the gardener standing by“He is old so old;and he soon will die!”The full Rose waxed in the warm June air,And she spread and spread,till her heart lay bare,And she laughed once more as she heard his tread,“He is older now.He will soon be dead!”,But the breeze in the morning blew,and foundThat the leaves of the blown Rose strewed the ground,And he came at noon,that Gardener old,And he raked them softly under the mold.And I wove the thing to a random rhyme,For the Rose is Beauty:the Gardener,Time.(Austin Dobson 1840-1921),玫瑰与园丁玫瑰花在园中绽开了她的蓓蕾，她讪笑着自恃着年轻娇美，她笑那老园丁竟站在她身边“他已经老了老态龙钟，很快便会命丧黄泉。在六月的暖风中她尽量摇曳盛开，她灿烂地开放，开放，直到袒露心怀，她听见老园丁的脚步声便再次嘲笑：“他越来越老了，他老命难保！”,可是上午的和风不停地吹，结果发现玫瑰花的花瓣被吹落地上一片又一片，老园丁来时已经到了正午，他把落花轻轻聚拢埋入泥土。我且漫将此事写上我的诗笺，玫瑰虽美但园丁却拥有时间。这首诗是诗人借物抒情，诗人感慨人间有些人妄自尊大、浅薄自傲、负心薄义，但若直接说出便成了乏味的说教，而用拟人的手法将花变成人让花儿自己现身说法，十分巧妙地将诗人的心理感受转移到花儿身上。,Personification,Slang is language that takes off its coat,spits on its hands,and goes to work.Laziness travels so slowly,that poverty soon overtakes him.Australia is so kind that,just tickle herwith a hoe,and she laughs with a harvest.,Onomatopoeia,Combination of sounds in a word that imitating what the word refers to,like hiss or boom.,The stream flows through the woods.The stream is murmuring through the woods.Dasi started laughing.Dasi started giggling.The door was pushed open.The door crashed open.Heavy rain drops fell on the tent.Heavy rain drops began pitter-pattering on the tent.,Onomatopoeia,Definition:imitation of sound.Function:association,direct,vivid.Example:The snake hissed.Giggle,clap,patter,mew,rumble,Onomatopoeia,A turkry gobbles.火鸡咯咯叫A wolf howls/growls.狼嚎A snake hisses.蛇声咝咝A bee hums.蜜蜂嗡嗡叫A tiger growls.老虎吼叫A sparrow twitters.麻雀吱吱喳喳叫,Onomatopoeia,A cock crows.公鸡喔喔叫A cricket chirps 蟋蟀唧唧叫A crow caws 乌鸦哇哇叫A horse neighs/whinnies/nickers.马叫/马嘶/马鸣/马萧萧A pig grunts/squeaks.猪咕噜咕噜/哼哼叫A mouse squeaks/peeps 老鼠吱吱/唧唧/啾啾叫,Onomatopoeia,The train clattered out of the station.火车哐唧哐唧驶出车站。The clock ticked,the fire cracked.钟声滴滴答答，火声噼噼啪啪。The man shut the door with a bang.那人砰的一声把门关了。The wind is whistling.风呼呼地响。,Onomatopoeia,Sound from nature:Murmur,babble,swish,patter,rumble,roll,rustle,zip,toot,tick,tinkle,screech,bang,bubble,clang,crack,splash,grumble,Euphemism,The use of pleasant,mild or indirect words or phrases in place of more accurate or directones.In old Greek,eu means well or soundingwell;pheme means speech(说话).,Euphemism,Definition:to talk about unpleasant things in a pleasant way.Under the weather.Hard of hearingJoin ones ancestorsWash ones hands,Life 生:Ugly 丑：Homely,plain;Fat 胖：weight watcher,chubby,plumy,stout;Skinny 瘦:slender,slim,willowy,svelte,Euphemism,Diseases：病Look off colourUnder the weatherNot all thereLong illness,Euphemism,残疾：DisabilityDisabledHandicappedInconveniencedVisually retarded,Euphemism,Old 老:Advanced in agePast ones primeFeeling ones ageGolden ageSenior citizenThe longer living,Euphemism,Death 死：Go westAt restAsleepReturn to dustPass awayGo to heaven,Hyperbole/Overstatement,An exaggerated or extravagant statementused as a figure of speech(American Heritage Dictionary)Exaggeration for effect,not meant to be taken literally(The Websters New World Dictionary)Extravagant exaggeration(The Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary),Hyperbole/Overstatement,Function:exaggerate the toneCompare:He ran down the avenue,making a loud noise.He ran down the avenue,making a noise like ten horses at a gallop.,HyperboleOverstatement,One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters.Its a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day.The most effective water power in the world womens tears,As fair art thou,my bonnie lass,So deep in luve am I,And I will luve thee still,my dear,Till a the seas gang dry,Till a the sea gang dry,my dear,And the rocks melt wi the sun!And I will luve thee still,my dear,While the sands o life shall run.,It is quite obvious that all the seas will never become dry and the rocks will unlikely melt with the sun.However,we can notice that the speaker here is expressing a genuinely felt emotion.What he tries to say to his beloved is that he will forever love her.The hyperbolic expression here strongly emphasize the promise of undying love.,For she was beautiful her beauty madethe bright world dim,and everything besideseemed like the fleeting image of a shade.Shelly,The hyperbole her beauty made the bright world dim expresses the speakers great admiration for the female figure.What the poet intends to say,put in plain terms,is that she was extraordinarily beautiful.,To be,or not to be:that is the questionWhethert is nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troublesAnd by opposing end them?.(Shakespeares Hamlet)生存还是毁灭,这是一个值得考虑的问题；默默忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，在奋斗中结束一切？,A hyperbole is often metaphorical.The phrase a sea of troubles in line four is an exaggerated as well as metaphoric way of saying that it is a great quantity of troubles.Hamlet:I