广外高翻学院文学翻译.ppt

Gettysburg Address Abraham Lincoln Fourscore and seven years ago,our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,conceived in liberty,and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civil war,testing whether that nation,or any nation so conceived and so dedicated,can long endure.We are met on a great battle-field of that war.We have come to dedicate a portion of the field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.,But in a larger sense,we can not dedicate-we can not consecrate-we can not hallow-this ground.The brave men,living and dead,who struggled here,have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract.The world will little note nor long remember what we say here;but it can never forget what they did here.It is for us,the living,rather,to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.,It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation,under God,shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government of the people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.,审美鉴赏1 声音美只有266个字的演讲词中，用了大量具有长元音、双元音的词语，平稳或调节着演讲的速度，也使演讲的效果铿锵有力，掷地有声。以第1段为例，长元音、双元音的词语有：fourscore,years,ago,our,fathers,brought,forth,。这些词语使演讲开始的语调徐缓而温和，进入主题自然而然，同时词语音调的抑扬顿挫既抓住了听众的注意力，也表现了作者的情感。,比如该段中第一个小句可标注为：Furscrend svn yarsg,ur fthrs brughtfrth nths cntnnt nwntin,。演讲开头的Furscre重读，引人注意，令人肃静。此后节奏平稳，抑扬顿挫，朗朗上口。,类似地，演讲词的中间一个小句可标注为：Bt n lrgr snse,w cnnt ddcte-w cnnt cnscrte-w cnnt hllw-thsgrund()。最后一个小句可标注为：nd thtgvrnmnt fth popl,bth popl,frth popl,shllnt prsh frmth arth.整齐的抑扬格使原句诵读起来如行云流水，重点突出，情随意转，增强了演讲的节奏与感染力。,2 节奏美除上文中探讨的节奏表现形式之外，演讲词外在节奏的形式标记也较明显。全文各句均较为“短小”有的句子本身短小，有的长句则经过语义切分变成了多个小句，形成了便于朗诵的外在节奏。,比如：Fourscore and seven years ago,our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,conceived in liberty,and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civil war,testing whether that nation,or any nation so conceived and so dedicated,can long endure.这两个长句均以“意群”为单位进行了切分，均切分为长度基本相当的四个小节。文章随后的其它句子中，也频频使用逗号、破折号等进行了“意群”切分，内在节奏与外在节奏整体上基本一致。,除用标点符号构建节奏之外，还用了“分句”增强行文的节奏和表情达意的重点。We are met on a great battle-field of that war.We have come to dedicate a portion of the field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.But in a larger sense,we can not dedicate-we can not consecrate-we can not hallow-this ground.,以上两例似可分别合并为：We are met on a great battle-field of that war in order to dedicate a portion of the field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.But in a larger sense,we can not dedicate,nor consecrate and nor hallow this ground.表达的重点、力量、效果、气势便会大打折扣。,3 语义美词句的语义美体现在三个方面：1）富含圣经的语汇Fourscore and seven years,our fathers,brought forth,conceived,dedicated,created等，是圣经中常用的语汇或表达方式-激起听众或读者庄严、肃穆、神圣的情感。2）大量使用书面语书面语及其平行结构使演讲显得庄重、典雅、富于人文气息。,3）频繁出现的中心词dedicate出现了5次，conceive、consecrate、devotion各出现了2次。同义复现的有:liberty/freedom,brought forth/created/nobly advanced,long endure/not perish,dedicate/devote/give their lives/gave the last full measure of devotion等等，“奉献”“创造”“自由”等成为中心词或主旋律。,4 修辞美演讲词共10句，修辞特征有：均为完整的陈述句，结构相似的整句与圆周句较多。使表达的信息显得肯定、正式、庄重，给人信心十足的感受；使表达的信息重点突出，表达的情感推波助澜，从而产生强烈的艺术感染力。,But in a larger sense,we can not dedicate-we can not consecrate-we can not hallow-this ground.句子中的dedicate、consecrate、hallow既在语义上逐层推进，也在结构相似的整句中推波助澜，蓄时累势，显示出别样的语势与效果。,5 形象美一群为追求自由、平等与统一而英勇奋战，为国捐躯的将士们；一个坚定自信，激情迸发，气势豪迈，要言不烦，极具感召力的林肯形象。6 意蕴美为了民族的自由、平等与统一而英勇奋战，为国捐躯，既是每个公民的责任与义务，也是每个公民的光荣与骄傲，人民不会忘记，世界不会忘记，历史也永远不会忘记。,八十七年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上建立了一个以自由为理想、以人人平等为宗旨的新国家。现在我们正进行一场大内战，考验这个国家，或者任何一个主张自由平等的国家，能否长久存在。我们在这场战争的一个大战场上集会，来把战场的一角献给为国家生存而牺牲的烈士，作为他们永久安息之地，这是我们义不容辞、理所当然该做的事。,但是，从更深刻的意义来说，我们不能使这一角战场成为圣地，我们不能使它流芳百世，我们不能使它永垂青史。因为在这里战斗过的勇士们，活着的或死去的，已经使这一角战场神圣化了，我们微薄的力量远远不能为它增光，或者使它减色。世人不太会注意、也不会长久记住我们在这里说的话，但是永远不会忘记他们在这里做的事。,因此，我们活着的人更应该献身于他们为之战斗并且使之前进的未竟事业。我们更应该献身于我们面前的伟大任务，更应该不断地向这些光荣牺牲的烈士学习他们为事业鞠躬尽瘁、死而后已的献身精神，更应该在这里下定决心，一定不让这些烈士的鲜血白流，这个国家在上帝的保佑下，一定要得到自由的新生，这个民有、民治、民享的政府，一定不能从地球上消失。-许渊冲译,翻译与讲评 1 措词得当语义准确洗练，风格与情感得体恰切。our fathers 先辈 resting place 安息之所those who here gave their lives that that nation might live为国家生存而牺牲的烈士The brave men 勇士们these honored dead 光荣牺牲的烈士these dead 烈士 died in vain 鲜血白流风格上显得庄重肃穆，情感上表达了对死者的崇敬与敬重,个别地方措词还可修订。如:将“brought forth”译为“建立”，倾向于客观事实的陈述，未能充分表现出对先辈的敬仰，似可修订为“创立”；将“conceived in liberty”译为“以自由为理想”，未能在逻辑上与结尾处“shall have a new birth of freedom”形成事物发展过程上的前后呼应，似可修订为“孕育于自由之中”；,将“a great civil war”“a great battle-field”分别译为“一场大内战”“一个大战场”，只是表达了战争与战场规模的大小与空间的广阔，未能揭示出其历史意义与价值，因此可修订为“一场伟大的内战”“一个伟大战场”；将“shall have（a new birth of freedom）”译为“一定要得到”，表达的是坚定的信念与决心，未能揭示出主体积极的努力与进取的姿态，似可修订为“一定要争得”，如此这般也使表达的语气更为雄辩有力。,We will never parley;we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang.We shall fight him by land,we shall fight him by sea,we shall fight him in the air,until,with Gods help,we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid.Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.That is our policy and that is our declaration.It follows therefore that we shall give whatever help we can to Russia and the Russian people.We shall appeal to all our friends and allies in every part of the world to take the same course and pursue it,as we shall faithfully and steadfastly to the end.,2 善用四字格四字格：简洁凝练，朗朗上口，拧紧语气，增强语势，铿锵有力，掷地有声。八十七年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上建立了一个以自由为理想、以人人平等为宗旨的新国家。因此，我们活着的人更应该献身于他们为之战斗并且使之前进的未竟事业。我们不能使它流芳百世，我们不能使它永垂青史。更应该不断地向这些光荣牺牲的烈士学习他们为事业鞠躬尽瘁、死而后已的献身精神，,3 再现语气、语势林肯的演讲坚定自信，激情迸发，气势豪迈，译文选词造句尤其是语气贯通与语势营构上充分再现出了这一显著特征。八十七年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上建立了一个以自由为理想、以人人平等为宗旨的新国家。现在我们正进行一场大内战，考验这个国家，或者任何一个主张自由平等的国家，能否长久存在。译文前后两句均采用了定语前置的方法，拧紧了语气，以“新国家”结尾，与第二句的两个“国家”相衔接，整个译文显得话题集中、语气连贯、一气呵成、雄辩有力。,因此，我们活着的人更应该献身于他们为之战斗并且使之前进的未竟事业。译文也采用了定语前置法，拧紧了语气，也增强了鼓舞人心的力量。我们在这场战争的一个大战场上集会，来把战场的一角献给为国家生存而牺牲的烈士，作为他们永久安息之地，这是我们义不容辞、理所当然该做的事。原文三句，译文并为一句，语气贯通，语势增强。,我们更应该献身于我们面前的伟大任务，更应该不断地向这些光荣牺牲的烈士学习他们为事业鞠躬尽瘁、死而后已的献身精神，更应该在这里下定决心，一定不让这些烈士的鲜血白流，这个国家在上帝的保佑下，一定要得到自由的新生，这个民有、民治、民享的政府，一定不能从地球上消失。译文中前面三个“更应该”推波助澜，揭示出林肯自谦的一面，后面三个“一定”则揭示出林肯坚定与自信的一面。,I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and then lead his troops after it.-我要的是这样一个人，他决心在钦敦江破釜沉舟，然后率领部队前进。,-我要的是这样一个人，一个能在钦敦江破釜沉舟并率部过江的人。They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人都珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。,他们正努力去实现那个理想，那个每一位中国人珍藏于心中的理想，那个许许多多中国人曾为之献出了生命的理想。（主次不分，语气不畅；宾主不分，轻重全失）,南吕 一枝花不伏老（节选）关汉卿 尾我是个蒸不烂、煮不熟、捶不扁、炒不爆、响铛铛一粒铜豌豆，恁子弟每谁教你钻入他锄不断、斫不下、解不开、顿不脱、慢腾腾千层锦套头？我玩的是梁园月，饮的是东京酒；赏的是洛阳花，攀的是章台柳。我也会围棋、会蹴、会打围、会插科、会歌舞、会吹弹、会咽作、会吟诗、会双陆。你便是落了我牙、歪了我嘴、瘸了我腿、折了我手，天赐与我这几般儿歹症候。尚兀自不肯休。则除是阎王亲自唤，神鬼自来勾。三魂归地府，七魄丧冥幽，天啊，那其间才不向烟花路儿上走。,锦套头：锦带结成的套头，比喻妓女设下的温柔圈套。关汉卿用以象征杂剧事业、勾栏瓦舍对他有巨大吸引力。梁园：西汉梁孝王建设的私家园林，规模极宏伟，这里指代汴梁城。章台柳：喻指妓女，关汉卿用以指代勾栏中演杂剧的女角儿。蹴：宋元时期的“足球”，即水浒传中高俅和赵佶所踢的“气”球。打围：打猎。咽作：疑是“唱作”之误，指唱、念、作、打演戏。双陆：一种棋类游戏。歹症候：坏毛病。尚兀自：犹、尚自。烟花：妓女。关汉卿指代瓦舍勾栏中表演杂剧的歌女。,语气、语势氤氲于作品的字里行间，甚至是文本之外的历史文化语境中，这往往成为翻译中的难点。比如：“Fourscore and seven years ago,”，美国人听来或读来会油然而生庄严、肃穆、神圣的情感，译文读者只是知道了一个具体的、平淡的时间概念，而且是瞬间带过，远无原文的历史文化回想与开启篇章徐缓而来、掷地有声的效果。高克毅译为“八十有七年以前”，显得庄重典雅，朗朗上口。若从转存延宕时间或叙事效果来看，似乎也可译为“早在八十七年以前”之类的话语。,“we can not dedicate-we can not consecrate-we can not hallow-this ground.”中，听众或读者不难感到语势推波助澜，蓄时累势，越来越强，译文“我们不能使这一角战场成为圣地，我们不能使它流芳百世，我们不能使它永垂青史。”因各小句句子偏长，语气有些松弛，语势显得平缓或有渐渐趋弱倾向。有的译者将该句处理为“我们不能把这一角战场献为圣地、封为圣地、变成圣地。”可做参考,葛底斯堡演说 亚伯拉汗林肯早在八十七年以前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上创立了一个孕育于自由之中、信奉人人生而平等之理念的崭新国家。现在我们正进行一场伟大的内战，考验这个国家，或者任何一个主张自由平等的国家，能否长久存在。我们在这场战争的一个伟大战场上集会，为的是把战场的一角献给为国捐躯的将士，作为他们永久的安息之地。理所当然，这是我们应该做的。但是，从更深刻的意义来说，我们不能把这一角战场献为圣地、封为圣地、变成圣地。因为在这里战斗过的勇士们，活着的或死去的，已经使这一角战场变得无比神圣，我们既无力使之增光添彩，也无力使之黯然褪色。世人不会注意、也不会铭记我们在这里所说的话，但是永远不会忘记他们在这里所做的事。因此，我们活着的人更应该献身于他们为之战斗并且使之前进的未竟事业。我们更应该献身于我们面前的伟大任务，更应该不断学习这些先烈们献身事业的崇高精神，我们一定要在此下定决心，绝不让先烈的鲜血白流，这个国家在上帝的保佑下，一定要争得自由的新生，这个民有、民治、民享的政府，一定会永世长存。,早在八十七年以前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上建立了一个孕育于自由之中、信奉人人生而平等之理念的崭新国家。现在我们正进行一场伟大的内战，考验这个国家，或者任何一个主张自由平等的国家，能否长久存在。我们在这场战争的一个伟大战场上集会，为的是把战场的一角献给为国捐躯的将士，作为他们永久的安息之地，理所当然，这是我们应该做的。但是，从更深刻的意义来说，我们不能把这一角战场献为圣地、封为圣地、变成圣地。因为在这里战斗过的勇士们，活着的或死去的，已经使这一角战场变得无比神圣，我们既无力使之增光添彩，也无力使之黯然褪色。,世人不会注意、也不会长久记住我们在这里所说的话，但是永远不会忘记他们在这里所做的事。因此，我们活着的人更应该献身于他们为之战斗并且使之前进的未竟事业。我们更应该献身于我们面前的伟大任务，更应该不断学习这些先烈们献身事业的崇高精神，我们一定要在此下定决心，先烈的鲜血不会白流，这个国家在上帝的保佑下，一定要争得自由的新生，这个民有、民治、民享的政府，一定会永世长存。,文学语言的指义性与审美性,语言的指义性 VS 文学语言的审美性：1.语言的外部指涉性（即他指性）VS 自我指涉性，即自指性 2.语言的直接指涉性（即直指性）VS 间接指涉性，即曲指性 3.语言的真实指涉性（即真值性）VS 虚假指涉性，即虚指性,1.文学语言的自指性:使语言话语突出和显示自身。其表现在：-语音角度:文学语言与日常说话不同，日常语言最关心的是意思的表达，至于发音是否悦耳、动听，节奏是否抑扬顿挫等就顺其自然、比较随便了；-文学语言：更有效地表情达意，吸引读者、感染读者、打动读者，往往关注语言的发音谐拗、节奏疾徐、韵律有无等。,-语法角度：为了表情需求与目的，文学语言往往会偏离日常语言的语法规范，如语序的调整，词性的有意变换等。目的:增强语言的审美效果，吸引、打动和感染读者，激发其审美感知和审美情感；更有效地传达语言所要再现或表现的内容。往往通过“突显”，即“前景化（foregrounding）”方式来表现使话语在一般背景中突显出来，占据前景位置。,2.文学语言的曲指性：采用曲折迂回手法表达意思，使表达的意思需费思索和揣测-原因：是作者的表意策略；通过形象指涉的内容具有某种不可穷尽性特点；与读者从中获得更多的想象与回味的审美要求有关。-表现：文学作品中各种修辞手段或含蓄手法。-结果:“言有尽而意无穷”、“言在此而意在彼”、“深文隐蔚，余味曲包”、“不着一字，尽得风流”。-目的:强化和深化审美效果和艺术感染力。,3.文学语言的虚指性：所指涉的内容不是外部世界中已经存在的实事，而是一些虚构的假想的情景。-原因：这种特性由文学创作活动的想象和虚构的特点所决定。指涉虚构情景的陈述，称为“虚假陈述”或“伪陈述”。,-目的：“虚假陈述”不是要告诉人们现实中如何发生的真人真事，但也不意味着“说谎”或有意的“弄虚作假”，而是为了以想象的真实、情感的真实制造出人们颇能接受，又能更有效地感染他们，打动他们的某种美学效果。-进一步说，激起读者的惊奇和喜怒哀乐的情感，使之获得审美愉悦，并从中给他们以思想上和精神上的教益。-贺拉斯说：“虚构的目的在引人喜欢。”,总结：-文学语言的特性：指义性与审美性。其审美性虽以其指义性为前提，并蕴涵于指义性中，但其之于作者、作品与读者（译者）的意义是尤为重大的。-指义性是相对显在的、直接的，审美性则是相对潜在的、间接的。-审美性体现在自指性、曲指性与虚指性三个方面。文学翻译不只是作品语言指义性的翻译，更为重要的是还是作品语言审美性的翻译。,Gettysburg Address Abraham Lincoln(1)Fourscore and seven years ago,our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,conceived in liberty,and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.,Fourscore and seven years ago(holy,solemn,resonant,historical echo)fathers:respect for the predecessors 1.Bible:Old Testament:Psalms(90)The days of our years are threescore years and ten；and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years，yet is their strength labour and sorrow；for it is soon cut off，and we fly away.我们一生的年日是七十岁。若是强壮可到八十岁。但其中所矜夸的，不过是劳苦愁烦。转眼成空，我们便如飞而去。,2.Macbeth Shakespeare Threescore and ten I can remember well:Within the volume of which time I have seen Hours dreadful and things strange;but this sore night Hath trifled former knowings.,3.I Have a Dream Martin Luther King I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.Five score years ago,a great American,in whose symbolic shadow we stand today,signed the Emancipation Proclamation.,4.LoveliestofTrees Loveliestoftrees,thecherrynowIshungwithbloomalongthebough,AndstandsaboutthewoodlandrideWearingwhiteforEastertide.Now,ofmythreescoreyearsandten,Twentywillnotcomeagain,Andtakefromseventyspringsascore,Itonlyleavesmefiftymore.AndsincetolookatthingsinbloomFiftyspringsarelittleroom,AboutthewoodlandsIwillgoToseethecherryhungwithsnow.,Similar Chinese Examples:责子诗 陶渊明 白发被两鬓,肌肤不复实.虽有五男儿,总不好纸笔.阿舒已二八,懒惰故无匹.阿宣行志学,而不爱文艺.雍端年十三,不识六与七,通子垂九龄,但觅梨与栗.天运苟如此,且进杯中物.,志学：吾十有五而志于学（孔子）而立 知天命 花甲 古来稀 及冠 耄耋 不惑,5.Old Testament:Psalms(90)(holy,solemn)Before the mountains were brought forth，or ever thou hadst formed the earth and the world，even from everlasting to everlasting，thou art God.诸山未曾生出，地与世界你未曾造成，从亘古到永远，你是神。,6.all men are created equal(epigrammatic,popular,forceful and inspiring)is quoted from the Declaration of Independence,July 4,1776 by Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826),the 3rd and 4th President of the United States.,7.Conceived/dedicated(key words)-conceived in liberty,and dedicated to the proposition-any nation so conceived and so dedicated-come to dedicate a portion of the field-we can not dedicate-to be dedicated here to-to be here dedicated to the great task-take increased devotion to-gave the last full measure of devotion,(2)Now we are engaged in a great civil war,testing whether that nation,or any nation so conceived and so dedicated,can long endure.(3)We are met on a great battle-field of that war.(4)We have come to dedicate a portion of the field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.(5)It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.,-Are met(not“are meeting”):who guides us to this meeting?Is it President,God,this War or Ourselves?A hint of the speakers modesty-conceived/dedicated(echoing words)-final resting place-cemetery/grave-here(foregrounding)-for emphasis/psychological distance/natural,fluent and appealing-fitting and proper for emphasis,(6)But in a larger sense,we can not dedicate-we can not consecrate-we can not hallow-this ground.(7)The brave men,living and dead,who struggled here,have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract.(8)The world will little note nor long remember what we say here;but it can never forget what they did here.(9)It is for us,the living,rather,to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.,dedicate:to state officially in an official ceremony that a building will be given someones name in order to show respect for them.2.consecrate:to officially state in a special religious ceremony that a place or building is holy and can be used for religious purposes.3.hallowed ground:land,esp.around a church,that has been made holy.,-we can not dedicate/we can not consecrate/we can not hallow(forceful,backward yet forward going,energy-conserving)-double negation:will little note nor long remember-an ever stronger sense of affirmation-a sense of modesty,(10)It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation,under God,shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government of the people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.,-The great task/the unfinished work:solemn,serious,obligatory-increased devotion/increasing:the influence of the honored dead over us-shall:(determination and order)a sign of solid determination and strong will,Brief summary:Words and expressions-fourscore,fathers,continent,conceived(2),liberty,dedicated(5),proposition,endure,portion consecrate(2),hallow,advanced,devotion(2),resolve,freedom,perish-brought forth,are engaged in,resting place,fitting and proper,the last full measure of devotion(28/266=10.5%)-learned words:formal,solemn,knowledgeable,convincing,etc.,2)Sentences-not fragmented sentences but all complete ones(formal,solemn the last para.4 clauses)(well-balanced,smooth,appealing,end-weight)3)Text organization-the introduction:(1)(2)-the elucidation of the theme:(3)(4)(5),-the transition to the authors point of view:(6)(7)(8)-the summing up:(9)