考研英语翻译(第二讲).ppt

考研翻译和完形填空,主讲人：党立新,外国语学院,考研翻译完形高分策略,考研翻译完形高分策略,一.翻译“三步曲”之一：看虚词，分结构,1.1 虚词(function word)-语义的纽带,一般不充单独充当句子成分，意义比较空洞的词，包括副词、介词、连词、助词、语气词。,1.He is interesting to listen to.,他对听别人讲话很感兴趣。听他讲话很有趣。,深层结构：It is interesting to listen to him.,我们总是把大量的注意力集中在名词、形容词、副词等实词上面，忽略了虚词-这一表示句子之间或句子内部各个成分之间逻辑关系的重要关系词，如介词和连词。,考研翻译完形高分策略,一.翻译“三步曲”之一：看虚词，分结构,1.1 虚词(function word)-语义的纽带,2.Sleep deprivation has a similar impact on the body to the aging process and may increase the severity of age-related chronic disorders such as heart disease and diabetes,researchers have found.,随着年龄的增长，睡眠不足会对身体有影响。,睡眠不足对身体的影响类似于自然老化的过程。,Similar to 完全类似于 the same as 等结构,考研翻译完形高分策略,一.翻译“三步曲”之一：看虚词，分结构,1.1 虚词(function word)-语义的纽带,Sleep deprivation has the same inpact on the body as the aging process.b.Sleep deprivation has as great an impact on the body as the aging process.c.Sleep deprivation has a greater impact on the body than the aging process.,研究人员发现，睡眠不足对人体的影响类似于自然老化的过程，它可能会加重与年龄有关的慢疾病，如心脏病和糖尿病。,考研翻译完形高分策略,一.翻译“三步曲”之一：看虚词，分结构,1.1 虚词(function word)-语义的纽带,3.The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.,正确翻译的关键，是搞清楚非限性定语从句中的关系代词 which 所指代的先行词是什么？译文：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的多样性之前就早已在欧洲根深蒂固了。,考研翻译完形高分策略,一.翻译“三步曲”之一：看虚词，分结构,1.2 分析难句要“三看”,1.2.1“三看拆分法之：看动词，找宾语,Many people in industry and the Services,who have practical experience of noise,regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time;they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people.On the other hand,those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society.在工业部门和部队服役的许多人对噪音都有切身的体会，然而这些人认为对于噪音问题的研究纯属老肥时间，他们甚至不愿意承认噪音对人体有任何影响。另一方面，那些不喜欢噪音的人在要求安静的社会环境时，提出的证据却并不充分。,考研翻译完形高分策略,首先，对于谓语动词，要找到其宾语，因为可能出现动词 与其宾语被分隔的现象。其次，要区分谓语动词与非谓语动词，尤其是过去式与 过去分词，不能混淆。,动词与宾语被分隔（1）I saw a dog in the garden.（2）The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain.人生的意义不在于已经取得了什么，而在于渴望得到什么？,考研翻译完形高分策略,动词与宾语被分隔（3）By contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750,when England was still a completely agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.98 完形填空,考研翻译完形高分策略,动词与宾语被分隔,考研翻译完形高分策略,动词与宾语被分隔,4.Many people consider impossible what really is possible.很多人把完全有可能的事认为是不可能发生的。5.The development of steel nibs makes possible the development of pens.钢制笔尖的发展使钢笔的发展成为可能。6.This calls into question alll of your cultrual assumptions that gay men are feminine.在我们的文化中，人们一般认为男同性恋者都较为女性化，这一点引起了人们的质疑。,考研翻译完形高分策略,动词与宾语被分隔,7.Widely adknowledged as a great and improtant playwright,Eugene Oneil brought to the United States stage what was probably its first really serious drama.,考研翻译完形高分策略,动词与宾语被分隔,译文：在美国，尤金.奥尼尔被广泛公认为一个伟大的剧作家，是他首次将真正意义上的严肃剧带到美国舞台上。总结：宾语由紧跟动词的位置后移到另一成份之后。“动词+其他成分+宾语”（宾语后置型结构）特点：1）这里的其他成份主要是介词短语（如into question)和形容词(impossible)2.如果其他成份是形容词，其通常充当宾语补足语。3.如果是介词短语，又分两种情况。如（brought.to)充当补足语；另种情况介词和动词不是搭配，此时介词短语充当状语。,考研翻译完形高分策略,动词与宾语被分隔,8.On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.,考研翻译完形高分策略,动词与宾语被分隔,考研翻译完形高分策略,动词与宾语被分隔,8.On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.译文：另一方面，有人批评他尽管擅长观察但不擅长推理，对于这样的指责，他认为没有多少依据。,考研翻译完形高分策略,过去式还是过去分词,9.On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.读者要能判断这里的founded和 made 是过去分词，不是充当谓语的过去式。句中的谓语只有did not accept,was,had三个动词。,考研翻译完形高分策略,总结：,分析难句，首先看动词，具有事项如下：区分谓语动词和非谓语动词，具有而言就是过去式和过去分词。对谓语动词能否接宾语要十分敏感，谨防出现宾语后置型结构。对谓语动词与介词的搭配要敏感，有助于我们发现后置型结构。动词没有紧跟宾语的三种情况：1.该动词是过去分词，表被动，不需要宾语。2.该动词是不及物动词，没有宾语。3.该动词宾语后置了。,考研翻译完形高分策略,1.3“三看拆分法之：看连词，分从句,在实际的难句分析中，我们不能孤立地看动词，而往往把动词与连词结合起来分析。区分：从属连词和并列连词 从属连词引导主从复合句，包括名词从句的连接词，定语从句的连接词以及各类状语从句的连接词。并列连词是连接并列结构的。1.3.1 步骤一：确定主从句 连词与动词配比原则（n/n-1)一个主从复合句都是由一个主句带多个从句构成的。换句话说，有n 个动词，就对应有 n-1个从句和连词。我们可以依据这个原则帮助断句，先找到各个谓语动词，然后再找连词。,考研翻译完形高分策略,（1）This trend began during the Second World War,When several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.一个主句：this trend began during the Second World War，及三个从句：when several governemnts came to the conclusion that the specific demandscannot generally be foreseen in detail that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment,1.3.1 步骤一：确定主从句,考研翻译完形高分策略,（1）This trend began during the Second World War,When several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.利用“连词与动词配比原则”，复杂的句子拆成了结构简单的主句和众多的从句，即高清了主句和从句之间的关系。三大从句 定语从句，状语从句，名词性从句 when several governemnts came to the conclusion（为例）,1.3.2 步骤二：确定主从句类别,考研翻译完形高分策略,从句间修饰关系的误判，都是影响对句意的正确理解。（1）This trend began during the Second World War,When several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.这里when 引导的定语从句修饰时间短语the Second World War。前一个that 引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词conclusion；后一个that引导的定语从句，限定修饰先行词demands,1.3.3 步骤三：确定从句修饰关系,考研翻译完形高分策略,主句与从句的修饰关系：从句与被修饰名词的隔开 1）定语从句与先行词被分隔 2）同位语从句与先行词被分隔（2）On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.,1.3.4 从句与被修饰词的分隔结构,考研翻译完形高分策略,两类分隔架构：（一）定语从句与被修饰名词 先行词+其他成份（定语，状语，谓语）+定语从句（二）同位语从句与被补充说明的名词 先行词+其他成份（定语，谓语）+同位语从句1）The mineral elelments from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissovled in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.（1991/R3）分析：elements,from the soil,that are usable by the plant译文：土壤里的矿物质是无法被植物直接利用的，它们只有在溶于土壤溶液之后，才能为植物的根所吸收。,1.3.4 从句与被修饰词的分隔结构,考研翻译完形高分策略,2)As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English,can be pewerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannt convey complex ideas.(2005/R4)分析：language or dialect 与that从句被状语in the world隔开。译文：作为一名语言学家及，他承认所有的人类语言，包括非标准的语言，如黑人英语，都可以明确地表情达意-世界上没有一种语言或方言不能表达复杂的意思。,（一）定语从句与被修饰名词,考研翻译完形高分策略,3）It can be predicted,however,that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.(1996/t)分析：that 引导一个主语从句，后接which引导的定语从句，被谓语隔开。译文：不过可以预见的是，将来会经常有问题出现，需要科学给出特定的回答。,（一）定语从句与被修饰名词,考研翻译完形高分策略,名词+定语+that+陈述句1）The statement by the driver of the vehicle that he did not see the lorry was rejected by the court.分析：如果一个名词后面既有定语，又有同位语从句，往往定语在前，同位语在后，于是便出现了先行词与同位语从句被分隔的情形。译文：给汽车司机说自己没有看见卡车，但法庭对此并不相信。名词+谓语+that+陈述句2）Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.分析：concern与that同位语从句被隔开 译文：人们日益担心，证人可能会因此而受到鼓励，在法庭上夸大其词，以保证陪审退对被告作出有罪的判决。,（二）同位语从句与被补充说明的名词,考研翻译完形高分策略,3）Dreary months dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed for anti-nazi activities.分析：Dreary months dragged by 主句 before the tragic new reached her 时间状语从句 that her beloved brother had been killed 同位语从句 for anti-nazi activities,（二）同位语从句与被补充说明的名词,考研翻译完形高分策略,4）Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.分析：evidence 主语 came up 谓语 that specific speech sounds are recognized 同位语 by babies as young as 6 months old.译文：有证据表明，六个月大的婴儿就能辨别出特定的说话声音。,（二）同位语从句与被补充说明的名词,考研翻译完形高分策略,总结：如何利用连词来破解难句看连词分从句有三层意思:1.区分主句与从句（连词与动词匹配原则）2.分清从句的类型（搞清楚三大从句）3.分清从句的修饰关系（即定语从句和同位语从句，搞清他们的先行词，状语从句清楚它的修饰动词。）确定从句的类型也是为了帮助我们确定从句的修饰关系。,考研翻译完形高分策略,练习：1.No one is in the least interest in the marks a little child gets on his test;what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require“general interlligence”.,考研翻译完形高分策略,图解难句,考研翻译完形高分策略,宾语从句结构图,考研翻译完形高分策略,1.41 介词概述介词是英语造句的重要纽带，活泼，“介词的语言”（1）Fragile Peace:a woman throwing flowers into the ocean off the Indonesian resort of Bali during a vigil for victims of the bomb blast at Kuta Beach Saturaday night.The attack killed nearly 200 people from 12 countries and stirred up new fears of terrorist acts.分析：在复杂的句子结构中，介词起到了穿针引线的作用，它能很好为我们理清句子的结构。译文：脆弱的和平：图为一名妇女为周六在Kuta海滩爆炸事件中遇难者守夜时，将鲜花撒向印尼的度假胜地-巴里岛海域。这次恐怖袭击造成来自12个国家的近200人死亡，再次引起了人们对恐怖活动的恐惧。,1.4“三看“拆分法之：看介词，定成份,考研翻译完形高分策略,1.41 介词概述2.什么词后边接介词？3.介词后面接什么成份做宾语？名 词 名 词 动 词+介词+动名词 形容词 宾格代词 数 词 wh-从句4、介词的功能：后置定语，状语以及补足语,1.4“三看“拆分法之：看介词，定成份,考研翻译完形高分策略,1.42 名词与介词 1.名词+其他定语+介词短语 2)Stress is a reaction,physical,mental or emotional,to demands or changes in your life.分析：physical,mental or emotional 做定语修饰reaction,译文：压力感是一种反应，即你对生活中的需求或变化所做出的身体上、思想上或情感上的反应。,1.4“三看“拆分法之：看介词，定成份,考研翻译完形高分策略,1.42 名词与介词 1.名词+其他定语+介词短语 3）The Food&Beverage Manager should ensure that any reports to Food&Beverage staff of possible food contamination are reported to the Food&Beverage Manger or directly to the GM.分析：of 短语不是修饰staff,而是修饰reports.译文：餐饮部经理应当确保，任何想餐饮部员工报告的关于食品污染的情况都应向餐饮部经理回报，或直接向总经理汇报。,1.4“三看“拆分法之：看介词，定成份,考研翻译完形高分策略,1.42 名词与介词 1.名词+其他定语+介词短语4）The second aspect is the application by all members of society,from the government official to the ordinary citizen,of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.分析：by 短语分隔了中心词application 与of 短语的语义关系 A apply B to C 这样一个搭配，经过名词化后，就变成了the application by A of B to C 译文：第二个方面是，社会上的一切成员，从政府官员到普通百姓，都应运用科学家们在研究工作中所采取的专门的思维方法和工作方法。,1.4“三看“拆分法之：看介词，定成份,考研翻译完形高分策略,1.42 名词与介词 2.名词+谓语+介词短语 5）A bitter dispute erupted between the two countries over possession of a temple on their border.分析：名词和介词之间插入 了谓语部分译文：两国为一个建在两国交界处的寺庙归属问题发生了激烈的争执。6）Comments are often made about activities which are relatively easy and satisfying like arranging flowers;but not about jobs which are hard and dirty,like scraping floors.分析：comments 与介词about有语义关系，但被谓语隔开了。译文：人们往往对那些做起来相对较容易而且结果会令人满意的活动作出评论，例如插花；但对那些既苦又脏的活却不加评论，如檫地板。,1.4“三看“拆分法之：看介词，定成份,考研翻译完形高分策略,1.43 动词与介词 两种情况：1.动词与介词构成固定搭配（补充动词语义）2.不是搭配，介词短语作状语，修饰动词。动词+宾语+介词短衣7）What is special about mans brain,compared with that of the monkey,is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of,say,a teddy-bear with the sound pattern“teddy-bear”.,1.4“三看“拆分法之：看介词，定成份,考研翻译完形高分策略,1.43 动词与介词 分析：what is special about mans brain 主语从句 compared with that of the monkey 分词短语插入语 is the complex system 系表结构 which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of,say,a teddy-bear system的定语 with the sound pattern“teddy-bear”.译文：与猴子的大脑比，人类大脑的特殊之处在于它拥有一个复杂 的系统，例如，可使孩子把玩具熊给人类的视觉和触觉与 teddy-bear的发音模式联系起来。,1.4“三看“拆分法之：看介词，定成份,考研翻译完形高分策略,1.43 动词与介词Such an interaction occurs,for example,when the technologist,in applying a particular concept of pure science to a practical problem,reveals a gap or limitation in the theoretical model,thus pointing the way for future basic research.分析：Such an interaction occurs,主句的主谓结构 when the technologist 从句的主语 in applying a particular concept 介词结构，分隔了 of pure science to a practical problem,主谓结构 reveals a gap or limitation in the theoretical model,thus pointing the way for future 从句谓语部分 basic research.,1.4“三看“拆分法之：看介词，定成份,考研翻译完形高分策略,1.43 动词与介词Such an interaction occurs,for example,when the technologist,in applying a particular concept of pure science to a practical problem,reveals a gap or limitation in the theoretical model,thus pointing the way for future basic research.译文：这种互动的例子之一是，当技术专家把纯科学上的某一特定概念用于借据一个世界问题时，他可能会发现这一理论模型不够完整或有局限性，这样就为进一步开展基础研究指明了方向。,1.4“三看“拆分法之：看介词，定成份,考研翻译完形高分策略,1.4.4 形容词与介词 此时介词短语充当形容词的补足语，通常是固定搭配9）Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth and maintenance of lif of animals,including man.分析：necessary 与 for 短语构成语义搭配，补足语，后置共同修饰compounds译文；维生素是一种有机化合物，是所有动物（包括人类）的正常生活和生命延续所必不可少的。,1.4“三看“拆分法之：看介词，定成份,考研翻译完形高分策略,总结如何利用介词来破解难句首先确定修饰关系 其次确定定语还是状语。10）For example,with small classes,teachers can identify and remedy incipient problems among students at risk for low achievement.译1.在小班授课时，老师能冒学生成绩低的危险，来识别并纠正初始的问题（做状语）译2.例如，小班课上，对于学习成绩有可能滑坡的学生，一旦他们中出现了问题，教师就能够及时发现并予以补救。,1.4“三看“拆分法之：看介词，定成份,