科技论文写作常用英语词汇.ppt

Professional English,Words in Professional English Writing科技论文写作常用英语词汇,Outline,术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语,术语说明性用语,直接使用“定义”一词definition,define数学类文献中使用较多,Definition,一个完整的definition例子“Definition:The difference between the largest and smallest class boundaries is called the range of the table.”一个以上的definition“Definition 1”“Definition 2”,“One/First definition”“Two/Second definition”,Define,被动句A is defined as B.A is defined as follows:A is defined to be B.A is defined by B.A is defined in terms of B.主动句We define A as B.,使用“称为”,A is called/termed B.When the copy is printed out on paper,it is called hard copy.A is known as B.A is referred to as B.A is spoken of as B.,带修饰的“称为”,统称为 are collectively called 有各种叫法 is variously called 前者称为,后者称为The former is referred to as,and the latter as 通常简称为often shortened to,使用“意指”含义的词语,A 的意思是 By A one refers to By the speed of transmission one refers to the instantaneous rate at which the information is transferred over the communication facility.By A we mean/imply that By the word scientist we mean someone who take part in basic research,to discover and attach significant problems not yet solved,to A is defined to mean,其他定义用语,所谓 是 So called A is 顾名思义，A,as the name implies/suggests,is Command and control,as the name implies,must comprise both a command and controlled action element.称为，也可称为 A is called,or,alternatively,是由 派生而来，意思是 A is derived from B,meaning,无明确定义,没有普遍公认的定义.There is no universally accepted definition to the term A.There is no universally accepted definition to the term Software Component presently.目前很难给 下定义.A clear definition of A is difficult to give.,Outline,术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语,时间表达用语,科技英语中涉及时间的表达方式公元年代 毫微级时间单位,涉及“公元”表达用语,公元前(B.C.-Before Christ),公元(A.D.-Anno Domini)A.D.写在年数之前,B.C.写在年数之后from 300 B.C.to A.D.400均要大写公元前100年左右Around 100 B.C.早在公元前600年As long as 600 B.C.早在公元600年前As long as A.D.600,涉及“世纪”表达用语,19世纪后期In the late nineteenth century20世纪的头20年里Within the first 20 years of the twentieth century本世纪初期Early in the present century在本世纪末之前Before the end of this century20世纪后半页The second half of the twentieth century,有关“年份”表达用语,约20年前Nearly two decades ago在过去的50年里During the past 50 years在 之后的13年里For 13 years after 从80年代开始Beginning in the 1980s直到1990年Up to 1990,追溯到dating back to/go back to,抽象时间表达用语(1),今后若干年 for the next few years 近期内 in the near future 在 之后不久shortly after 在写本文时 at the time of writing this paper 目前for the time being 当今的 In todays,抽象时间表达用语(2),在 瞬间 At the moment 暂时 for the moment,此时 By now 一度 At one time 时代the era of,具体时间表示方法,月-日-年 顺序1997年8月16日Aug.16,1997与介词配合有年或月无日期，用 inin 1997,in Mar,1997有日期，用 onon Nov 1,1998有几点几分，用 atat 12:30 P.M.,Outline,术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语,ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语,科技英语中，ly副词放在句首对全句进行说明和解释简洁强调,常用句首副词(1),常用句首副词(2),与most/more组合的情况,Outline,术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语,关于分类的表达用语,对事物分类分类常用格式分类常用词汇,分类常用格式,同段分类同一段落内用(1),(2)或(a),(b)分隔Two additional memory considerations are(1)the control of shared memory and(2)the use of cache memory分段分类将每一类的内容另行书写，前面加序号、字母(如1,2,)或其他符号(“”,“”)Input devices may be broken down into the following categories:KeyboradCard reader,分类常用词汇(1),sort,type,class,variety,categorysort 普通用语type 技术用语 类别types of mapping algorithmsclass 技术用语 类型classes of modeling languagesvariety 多样的variety of sth.category 范畴，类目formal word,27,分类常用词汇(2),说明类别的表达用语有 类 There are categories of 能被分解为 can be divided into 能被划分为 can be categorized into 能归入 can fit into 将 分为 classify as types,分类常用词汇(3),说明类别及分类依据的表达用语 可按 分类 can be categorized according to“Computers can be categorized according to their sizes.”就 分类 is categorized with respect to“Signals is categorized with respect to their applications”按照 来分类 may be classified by“Signals may be classified by their finite energy or power.”,分类短语,属于 fall into/within“Many computers fall into the general form discussed above.”有许多种，从 到 there are many varieties of,from to“There are many varieties of stored program from a wired logic to fully stored program control.”不包含在 中 be excluded from“Systems below M are excluded from this classification.”,Outline,术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语,有关程度的表达用语,形容词原级、比较级、最高级修饰词very,quite,extremely,反映程度词(1),频度程度用词,程度递增,反映程度词(2),不确定程度用词,程度递增,反映程度词(3),(1)好坏程度(2)程度,程度递增,反映程度词(4),量的大小和多少,程度递增,反映程度的表达用语(1),含“extent”的程度用语,反映程度的表达用语(2),强调重要性表达用语,反映程度的表达用语(3),有关难易程度表达用语“This idea is readily generalized to other cases.”“This makes it somewhat easier to use than a microcomputer with word processing.”,反映程度的表达用语(4),数量程度表达用语“All atoms are more or less complex arrangements of subatomic particles.”“This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation.”,反映程度的表达用语(5),知名程度表达用语“This is the well-known exponential distribution.”“This is the celebrated Poission distribution.”,Outline,术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语,“of”词组构成的短语(1),含“a number of”表达用语跟复数名词或代名词，谓语用复数形式“A large number of students whose primary interests are in science,engineering,”,a,number of,“of”词组构成的短语(2),含“amount of”表达用语跟不可数名词，谓语用单数形式“A large amount of literature has appeared on this subject in recent years”,a,amount of,“of”词组构成的短语(3),含“a group of”表达用语跟复数名词或代名词，谓语根据主语含义取单数或复数形式“A group of 200 students is divided into two groups,one,the other”“A group of 8 bits is called a byte.”“A group of us have decided to attend this symposium.”,“of”词组构成的短语(4),含“a lot of”表达用语跟单数或复数名词和代名词，谓语与主语保持一致“A lot of trouble is caused by”“A lot of problems are caused by unemployment.”“a lot of”的替代短语a great deal of(后接单数名词)a number of(后接复数名词),“of”词组构成的短语(5),含“the majority of”表达用语跟单数或复数名词和代名词，谓语与主语保持一致“The majority of damage is ease to repair.”“The majority of switching systems are space division system.”,“of”词组构成的短语(6),含“a variety of”表达用语跟单数或复数名词和代名词，谓语与主语保持一致“A variety of evidence shows conclusively that”“A variety of network architectures have been proposed from time to time to meet different needs of various users.”,“of”词组构成的短语(8),含“a set of”表达用语跟可数名词的复数名词，谓语取单数形式“a set of 6 cards is shaken in a box and dropped on a table.”“a set of specifications forms the ebXML standard.”,“of”词组构成的短语(9),含“either of”和“any of”表达用语跟复数名词，谓语取单数形式“Either of these two methods has applications.”当“any of”要表达“其中某些”，谓语取复数形式“try to answer the questions in Sec.4.1.If any of them still seem difficult,review the appropriate chapter to find the answers.”,Outline,术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语,因果关系表达用语,Because原因是构成句子的主要部分，因果关系强烈“I missed the train because I got up late.”Since原因已知，因果关系较弱“Since this method doesnt work,we consider to try another.”As与since同，但since通常比as正式“As he was not well,I decided to go there without him.”For原因做补充说明“I decided to stop and have lunch,for I was feeling quite hungry.”,常用因果表示方法(1),部分/主要原因是 partly/mainly because of“Telephone service is a success mainly because of its universality and relative simplicity.”因 而 result from“the importance of this theorem results from the fact that we are able to calculate by integration a magnitude”arise from,常用因果表示方法(2),“由于”due to“due to the extreme variability of cable performance”“鉴于”owing to“Owing to the random nature of the network theory,the following analysis involve certain fundamentals of probability theory.”“鉴于”in view of“in view of how the sensitivity coefficients were defined in the preceding section,Eq.1 can be written as”,常用因果表示方法(3),由于，因为on account of,seeing that“on account of their importance we shall write the above two rules”“seeing that the computers are high in computation speed,they have found wide application in computing”由于 的结果as a result of“as a result of these factors,there are many different types of”,含有“为了”的表达方式(1),为了具体起见to be more specific“to be even more specific,suppose p(xy)=xy.”为了确切起见to be precise为了有效起见to be effective为了完整起见to be complete为了保险起见to be on the safe side,含有“为了”的表达方式(2),为简单起见for simplicity为明确起见for clarity为简洁起见for brevity为目前讨论方便起见for convenience in the present discussion为了一般化起见for the reason of generality,含有“为了”的表达方式(3),为了对适用to be valid for“to be valid for all condition,f(t)must be represented by a continuous sum of exponential functions.”为了证明是正确的to justify“to justify the assumption,we must specify how electric contact is made to”,结果表达方式,导致、引出lead to“examination of these two figures leads to following observations:”造成、得到result in“the application of an input signal f(t)to a linear time-invariant system results in a corresponding output g(t)”以致so that因而hence,Outline,术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语,“有”和“无”的表达(1),“有”的表达方式have最常见的用法“chapters 2,4,and 5 have two parts.”there is/are/was/were 不指出“谁”有这些东西“there is more than one way of combining two wave functions.”there must be 必须有there can be 可以有there may be 可能有there will be 将会有there have been 已经有,“有”和“无”的表达(2),“of”“在中有”“of 100 boxes of product,20 boxes from factory A,and 30 boxes from factory B,”“in the presence of”“在有的情况下”“in the presence of an input signal,the gain G is not determined by the noise level.”“among.be”“在中有”“among these are the bridge circuit,several voltage-doubling circuit,and”,“有”和“无”的表达(3),“with”“有了(条件/了解)”“with these added insight,let us consider the results of the example 1.”“available”“可得到的，可利用的，现有的”“another method is available to increase the system capacity.”,“有”和“无”的表达(4),“无”的表达方式“in the absence of”“in the absence of a signal,the gain G is determined by the noise level.”“without”“A spontaneous reaction is one that will take place,given enough time,without outside assistance.”,Outline,术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语,相互关系的表达用语(1),“关联”的表达用语与 有关的 be related to be associated with“Some practical problems associated with this theory are currently being investigated by”彼此有关的 be dependent upon each other“it is evident that the input and output levels are dependent upon each other.”与 无关的 be independent of,相互关系的表达用语(2),“比较”的表达用语与 相比 be compared with in comparison with“the result may be compared with the predicted change.”.与 比较comparison of and“comparison of discrete and continuous distributions suggests that”与 无法比较these is no comparison between and,相互关系的表达用语(3),“对比”的表达用语与 相比/相反in contrast to“in contrast to the matured status of the study of the analog circuits,the development of”对于 with respect to“consider the sensitivity of H with respect to the gain G.”as against/versus“the low-pressure compressor has four stages of compression as against the eight stages of the”,相互关系的表达用语(4),“类似”的表达用语 be similar to“A is similar to B in”“This computer is similar to the other one in configuration.”be same as/be identical in“A is the same as B in”“the two engines are identical in size,but the new one develops greater power.”,相互关系的表达用语(5),“类似”的表达用语类似的“in an analogous manner”“in an analogous manner we may construct for each point of the curve”与 类比“in an analogy to”“this type of spectrum is called white in an analogy to white light.”,相互关系的表达用语(6),“差别”的表达用语不同于be different/distinguished from in“heat waves differ from light waves in their different wavelengths.”unlike“unlike random noise,impulse noise is measured by the”与 不同之处在于 contrast with“stored program control contrasts with most general purpose computer”,相互关系的表达用语(7),“差别”的表达用语明显的不一致apparent inconsistency“the apparent inconsistency here lies in an incorrect interpretation of”本质区别essential difference between“there is no essential difference between these two models.”,Outline,术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语,有关“手段”的表达用语(1),介词by,with,by means of,with the help of“the computer is usually designed with a build-in display or printer”名词way,use,usage“a popular way to synchronize transversal filters using analog methods is that”approach,method,choice“an alternative approach to the design of is that”,有关“手段”的表达用语(2),动词use,employ,utilizeuse:使用“computers are now being increasing used in business and professional computing.”employ:(在实践中)运用，被动语态“in practice,the latter approach is more widely employed.”utilize:利用(其有益的方面)“Utilizing water for producing electric power has been popularized in many countries.”,“根据”的表达用语(1),from“it should not be inferred from the above comparison between and that”according to“according to the definition,the bandwidth of the system”be based on/on the basis of“on the basis of our earlier discussion,we would expect that”,“根据”的表达用语(2),in terms of“the performance of a feedback control system is generally described in terms of stability,sensitivity,accuracy,”in accordance with/subject to“in accordance with common usage we shall define the procedure”“subject to the approximations made above,the voltage gain is stable if”,“除了”的表达用语(1),除非unless otherwise“unless otherwise stated,this kind of symbols are employed in this book.”unless otherwise specified:除非另有规定unless otherwise designated:除非另有指定,“除了”的表达用语(2),除了 还有 besides/in addition to“besides addition and subtraction,computer must be able to execute a variety of logical instructions.”除了 没有 except/apart from“all solids expand when they liquefy except for ice and a few others.”,80,特别通知,特别通知,根据新研究生培养方案的要求，专业英语必须考试论文(50%)+考试(50%)论文（含平时课堂参与和作业等情况）考试以教材为基本内容Computing Essentials，2003，影印版笔试，无听力，开卷考试时间：12月初左右，等候另行通知问题？,81,