科技英语论文摘要写作.ppt

,科技英语论文中摘要的写作,摘要的定义及其特点,定义：一份文献内容的缩短的精确的表达，而无须补充解释或评论。即摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，简明、确切的记述文献重要内容的短文（short composition）。其基本要素包括研究目的（objects）、方法（methods）、结果（results）和结论（conclusions）。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象（subject）和范围（scope），采用的手段（means）和方法（methods），得出的结果（results）和重要的结论（conclusions），有时也包括具有情报价值的其他重要的信息（information）。,摘要的定义及其特点,特点：全、短、精。全是指科技论文摘要应是一篇相对独立的短文。这就要求把论文的研究问题、基本观点、试验方法、主要结论，用连贯的语言、严谨的结构反映出来。短是指科技论文摘要应言简意赅。一般中文稿250300字左右；英文稿以1 000印刷符号为宜，原则上不超过全文的3。精是指科技论文的摘要应是其原文的精华。,摘要中所包括的内容,目的调查、研究、研制的前提、出发点、任务和涉及的主要范围。方法运用原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、设备、程序、步骤等。结果实验、观察或研究的结果、数据、关系、效应、性能等。结论结果的分析、比较、评价、应用；提出的问题；今后的课题、假设、启发、建议、预测等。其他属于非研究的主要目的，但仍有重要价值的信息亦可提及，但注意不要转移读者对文献主要内容的注意力。,摘要的类型,报道性摘要（informative abstracts）即资料性摘要或情报性摘要。主要用于实验性和技术性较强的论文，报道论文的主要研究成果、数据和结论。一般应包括试验目的或原因，进行这种试验所运用的方法以及实验工作得出的实验结果和有关这些结果的分析结论。其摘要陈述重点放在结果和结论上。其撰写顺序是目的、方法、结果、结论。向读者提供原文中全部创新内容和尽可能多的定量或定性的信息。字数一般在200-300字范围内。,摘要的类型,报道性摘要（informative abstracts）包括七句话：（1）做了什么，目的何在？（2）用的是什么材料和方法？（3）通过什么手段？（4）结果如何？（5）有什么可供讨论的？（6）结论如何？（7）有何建议？,摘要的类型:报道性摘要,报道性摘要：例：Effect of Adding Essential Amino Acids and Vitamin to Rations of Broilers（1）Four experiments were carried out to investigate the amino acid（胺肌酸）and vitamin requirements of broilers（肉鸡）,摘要的类型,(2)The performance of birds fed on control diets formated according to the recommendations of the National Research Council（1977）was compared to that of birds fed on experimental diets containing additional amounts of essential amino acid and vitamin,摘要的类型,（3）The control（对照，参照）diets varied in protein and metabolizable energy（代谢能）content;the experimental diets were obtained by adding varying amounts（10 to 50）of one or both amino acids and vitamin to the control diets,摘要的类型,(4)The experimental diets resulted in consistently better body weight gains than the control diets,摘要的类型,（6）The result showed that under the conditions of these experiment，the levels of amino acids and vitamins in the control diets were not optimal for the proper growth and development of broilers and must be increased,摘要的类型,指示性摘要（indicative abstracts）即概述性摘要或简介性摘要,多用于理论性较强的论文,如专论、评论、综述、数学计算、理论推导等,主要概括论文的主要论点、分析过程和结论。该类摘要很少传递具体数据,而只告诉读者本文采用了什么方法，讨论了什么问题，得出了什么结论。它缺少实质性和具体内容，文字上高度概括、简练。篇幅较短，字数一般为50-100字。如综述、评述和单个专题的研究论文适于用指示性摘要。一些研究论文所涉及的知识分散、庞大，论文的主要内容不系统，用报道性摘要不能用200-300字概括全，而又必须对这类文献进行高度概括，故适合写作指示性摘要。,指示性摘要即介绍性摘要，也称陈述性摘要。它主要介绍论文的论题，或者概括表述研究的目的，用简单几句话使读者对论文所研究的主要内容有一个概括的了解，不需要介绍方法、结果、结论等具体内容，也不需要用数据进行定量描述。指示性摘要只讲述论文的主题思想，不涉及或很少涉及细节问题，但要指明文献的论题和所取得的成果的性质及所达到的水平。,下面就是一篇题目为英语写作教学与大学生综合素质培养论文的英文题目及其指示性摘要的范文。,Title:Teaching of English Writing and Cultivationof University Students Comprehensive QualityAbstract:Based on the theories of English language learning,the concept of quality education,and the authors teaching experience of English writing,this paper expounds the function of English writing in the cultivation of university students comprehensive quality from such aspects as language proficiency,logical thinking,and a rigorous work style.,摘要的类型,指示性摘要：例：Plant cells encase themselves within a complex polysaccharide多糖 wall,which constitutes the raw material that is used to manufacture textiles,paper,lumber,films,thickeners增稠剂 and other products.The plant cell wall is also the primary source of cellulose纤维素,the most abundant and useful biopolymer生物高聚物 on the Earth.The cell wall not only strengthens the plant body,but also has key roles in plant growth,cell differentiation,intercellular在细胞间的 communication,water movement and defence.Recent discoveries have uncovered how plant cells synthesize wall polysaccharides,assemble them into a strong fibrous含纤维的 network and regulate wall expansion during cell growth.,摘要的类型,报道-指示性摘要（informative-indicative abstracts）报道-指示性摘要是以报道性摘要的形式，表述论文中价值最高的部分。其余部分以指示性摘要形式表达。字数在二者之间，一般为100-200字左右。对于论文所陈述的内容较多，用报道性摘要的形式不能完全表达清楚，而用指示性摘要的形式又不能将论文中实质性、具体性内容表达出来的这一类论文均可采用报道-指示性摘要书写。报道-指示性摘要的表达对重要的结果和结论进行具体而且实质性陈述，突出论文中的基本内容，行文有详有略,使摘要简炼且容量大，包含了更多的信息,一般情况下，作者应首选信息性摘要，因为它具体而实用。但多数摘要并不完全是信息性或指示性的，常常是二者相结合。信息性摘要中加入指示性叙述可使摘要简明，指示性摘要中加入信息性内容又使摘要详细，二者互补，使摘要既能充分反映论文最重要的事实与概念，又能节省篇幅。摘要的长度应根据文献及摘要的用途而变化。一般来讲，指示性摘要以100-150 words 为宜。而学术论文的信息性摘要的长短约为正文字数的2%至3%；国际标准化组织建议不少于250个词，最多不超过500个词,摘要的类型,报道-指示性摘要：例：A method for simultaneous determination of harmful trace elements in unplastisized polyvinyl chloride(PVC-U)聚氯乙烯 pipes by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES)电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICPAES)was studied.Under the optimum condition,the method of simultaneous determination of trace elements in PVC-U pipes such as Cd，Pb，Sn and Hg by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法was established.The detection limit检出限 for elements are 0.007-0.0l 7gml.The recoveries a回收率re 95.12-106.00.The relative standard deviations相对标准偏差 are 1.5-2.9 This method is accurate,rapid and convenient with satisfactory results.,摘要的类型,结构式摘要（structured abstract）结构式摘要是20世纪80年代后期兴起的一种文摘撰写形式，于1987年内科学纪事(Annals of Internal Medica)首先采用，此后国际上著名的生物医学期刊，如美国医学会杂志、英国医学杂志、澳大利亚医学杂志等纷纷采用。国际医学期刊编辑委员会也于1991年要求论著和综述类论文使用250 个单词以内的结构式文章摘要。结构式摘要具有内容完整、层次清楚、一目了然的优点，便于阅读时选择性查阅，也便于作者书写，易于成文，同时又不致遗漏重要内容。,摘要的类型,结构式摘要：目前国内一般按以下四个项目叙述：（1）目的（Objective）简要说明研究的目的和提出问题的缘由，表明研究的范围和重要性。（2）方法（Methods）简要说明研究课题的基本设计、使用了什么材料和方法、如何分组对照、研究范围和精确程度、数据是如何取得的以及经何种统计学方法处理。（3）结果（Results）简要列出研究的主要结果和数据，有什么新发现，并要给出说明结果的主要数据及置信值、统计学显著性检验的确切值等。（4）结论（Conclusion）简要说明根据研究结果形成的理论、观点、它们的价值及局限性，是否可推荐、推广或需要更深入的研究等。,摘要的类型,结构式摘要：例：Objective:This study was designed to investigate the influence and correlative factors of aspirin resistance(AR)阿司匹林抵抗 by diabetes糖尿病 in the case who taken lower dosage of aspirin.Methods:328 cases with stable cardiac andor cerebral vascular diseases稳定的心脑血管病 or with risk factor for cardiac andor cerebral vascular diseases were classified as one group with type 2 diabetes(diabetes group,n=101)and another group.aspirin semi-resistanceResults:(1)69%of the patients were AR,356%were ASR in diabetes group;40%of the patients were AR，238%were ASR in nondiabetes group，.(4)Women was independently associated with ARASR in diabetes groupConclusion:The incidence rate of ASR and AR+ASR in diabetes group is higher than nondiabetes groupGender is a relative risk factor of ARASR in diabetes patients,相关表达法,An abstract in scientific paper typically outlines four elements germane有关的 to the completed work:objective,methods,results,and conclusions.Taking national journal Science Mosaic马赛克,2009,volume 9 as the analyzed object,some examples and words are selected.Objective:as the beginning of the abstract,it usually introduces some background information and range of study within one or two sentences but not repeat the title.Some useful phrases as discuss(讨论),focus(重点关注),address(致力于，侧重于),intend to(旨在),aim at(目的为),seek to(寻求),in order to(为了)can facilitate促进 the convey of the range of study.,相关表达法,Eg1.“Chinese characters versatile numeral input technique”and“Chinese characters matrix fast literacy technique”are discussed in this paper.(本文主要介绍了“汉字万用数码输入法”和“汉字母体快速识字法”)-the range of the study Eg2.Campus A1l-in-one Card system is an integrating system of identification,school management and various campus services with campus as its carrier and the electronic and information technology as the means(校园一卡通系统是以校园网为载体，以电子和信息技术为手段，集身份识别、校务管理以及各项校园服务为一体的系统)-background information Eg3.UAV airport is a complex environment.In order to find the center of airport quickly and accurately，firstly，pretreatment of image is carried on，such as filter.(无人机场环境复杂。为了快速准确的找到无人机场的中心位置,首先对图象进行滤液等预处理。)-both background information&range of the study In addition,the objective part of the abstract is omitted in some professional journals,but placed in the introduction part,making the abstract more refined and succinct简洁的.,相关表达法,Methods:it lies in the second part of an abstract in most cases,including involved theory,conditions,techniques,equipments,procedure and the way you work on your paper(experimental research,case studies,questionnaires,etc.).A proper verb can best guide the sentence,such as analyze(分析),deal with(解决),discuss(讨论),develop(发展),dwell on(详细讨论),examine(检验),study(研究),present(介绍),takeas an example(举例),compare(比较),review(回顾，检查),outline(概要)，measure(测量),estimate(评估),calculate(计算).,相关表达法,Eg.This paper firstly analyzes reasons and solutions of topology mismatch拓扑不匹配 of the current chord network based on DHTOn this basis，propose a topology matching method based on IPv4 addresses to achieve matching of physical topology and logical topology(本文首先分析了目前 P 2 P网络中基于 D H T的C h o r d网络的拓扑不匹配的原因及目前的一些解决方案。在此基础上提出一种基于 I P v 4地址的拓扑匹配方法，实现了物理拓扑与逻辑拓扑的匹配。)Eg.The writers address these issues in accordance with the developmental theory and adaptive theory,and construct a developmental model of teacher self-adaptive evaluation system.(针对上述问题笔者依照发展性理论和自适应理论，建构了一个发展性教师自适应评价指标体系模型。),相关表达法,Results:elaborate the experimental data,observed results,and summary.Common terms:indicate(指出，表明),conclude(推断),elaborate(详细阐述),result(结果),demonstrate(证明，论证),correspond(符合),corroborate(证实)，prove(验证),expound(解释),show(说明，显示).Eg.The result is that EASI(LMS)algorithm 算法has worse convergence集中 and better stability than RLS algorithm(结果显示E A S I(L M S)算法与RLS算法相比，其收敛性能更差，但稳态性能更好。),相关表达法,Conclusion:put forwards your conclusion and prediction based on the research result,including the analysis,comparison,and application of the result.Some common words:support(支持),provide(提供),indicate(指出),identify(识别),find(发现),demonstrate(论证),confirm(确认),clarify(阐明),suggest(建议),suggestion(示意),recommend(建议，推荐),recommendation(推荐),propose(建议),necessity(必要性),expect(期待，预期),相关表达法,Eg.This paper can be the reference at PV systems design and provides a theoretical basis(本文为在光伏发电系统设计中选择合适的拓扑结构，提供了参考与理论依据。)application of result Eg.Creating the reliability test is an important part of software reliability engineering,which is important for guiding software test process and improving software reliability(可靠性测试用例的生成是软件可靠性工程的一个重要组成部分，它对于指导软件测试过程、提高软件可靠性有重要的意义。)Sometimes,the four elements have no distinct boundaries,and each of them mutually intermingled.No matter how the four elements connect and filter,a good abstract should express the paper succinctly简洁地 and clearly,especially in the scientific papers,each sentence has to be unified,coherent,concise,and able to stand alone.,摘要的写作原则,EI很看重英文摘要的文字效能，并提出两个原则：Limit the abstract to new information Strive for brevity。EI中国信息部还对英文摘要的写作提出儿点具体要求：删去不必要的词，如：It is reported,Extensive investigations show that,The author discusses等；不要使用一些并不增加任何新的信息或并不能增进读者对摘要的理解的词语，如：The author studied,A method is described,In this paper,This paper is concerned等；尽量使用最简单的谓语动词形式，如：用increased比用has been found to increase更好。,结构式英文摘要的内容构成,EI要求一篇较好的英文摘要应较好地回答以下4个方面的问题：(1)What do you want to do(目的)；(2)How did you do it(方法)；(3)What results did you get and what conclusions can you draw(结果和结论)；(4)What is original in your paper 一般来说，科技论文英文摘要的结构有开头(主题句)、展开(展开句)和结尾(结果和结论)三部分组成。一般包括背景(Background)、目的(Purpose)、方法(Method)、结果(Results)和结论(Conclusion)这五要素,结构式英文摘要的内容构成,其内涵范围分述如下：背景(B句)：指一些背景信息介绍;目的(P句)：指研究、研制、调查等的前提、目的和任务，及所涉及的主题范围;方法(M句)：指所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、于段、装备、程序等;结果(R句)：指实验研究的结果、数据、被确定的关系、观察结果、得到的效果性能等;结论(C句)：指结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用，提出的问题，今后的课题、假设、启发、建议、预测等。,结构式英文摘要的内容构成,科技期刊对论文摘要字数均有限制，英文摘要一般不超过250字单词，这时常省略背景句及目的句，重点放在研究的方法(M)、结果(R)、结论和建议(C)上。当然，在介绍方法、结果和结论时，忌泛泛而谈，空洞无物。,结构式英文摘要的内容构成,Eg：（1）Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase单氧酶(P450)-mediated调节 metabolism新陈代谢 is an important mechanism by which insects detoxify是解毒 insecticides.（2）In this report,a major contribution of P450s as a mechanism of insecticide detoxification was demonstrated by the effect of herbicides and fungicides and the synergist 增效剂piperonyl 亚甲二氧苄基butoxide 增效醚on carbaryl西维因 toxicity and P450 activities in the mosquito Aedes albopictus.（3）Mosquito larvae幼虫 preexposed to technical and analytical grade pentachlorophenol五氯苯酚(PCPT,PCPA)showed significant increases of survival from carbaryl toxicity.（4）This phenomenon was reversed when piperonyl butoxide was also applied.（5）Microsomes 微粒体from PCPT-and PCPA-treated larvae showed higher levels of N-demethylation脱甲基化 of p-chloro氯代-N-methylaniline甲基苯胺 than those from control larvae.,结构式英文摘要的内容构成,例：（6）Microsomes from larvae treated with PCPT also yielded a very high level of O-demethylation of methoxyresorufin.（7）However,peroxidation 过氧化氢of tetramethylbenzidine was decreased in both treated groups.（8）This suggests that PCP may induce certain P450 isozymes同工酶 but suppress抑制 others.（9）SDS-PAGE bands corresponding to the molecular weights of 61 and 63 kDa presented strong intensity in the treated microsomes;these may represent P450s induced by PCP.（10）P450s in the mosquito larvae are active,inducible可导致,and capable of detoxifying使解毒 the insecticide杀虫剂 carbaryl.,结构式英文摘要的内容构成,（1）句为背景(B句)，交代了Cytochrome P450的基本情况及其生理意义。（2）句为目的(P句)和方法(M句)，表明了该研究所用的材料、方法及主要研究内容。（3）-（9）均为结果(R句)，（10）为结论。,英文摘要的语言特点与写作技巧,英文摘要的用词 在科技论文摘要的翻译中，应在理解确定原词义的基础上，选择既能准确表达中文词语内容，又符合英文表达习惯的英文词语，才能保障译文意思的确切和概念的统一。因此，在英文摘要的用词上要注意以下几个方面。,英文摘要的语言特点与写作技巧,英文摘要的用词1.用词的规范性 与普通英语相比，除了大量使用各学科的专门术语外，英文摘要趋向于科技英语正式、庄重的语体特征和非技术词汇，而不使用浮华、带有感情色彩的普通英语词语。如:ask/inquire(表示不用ask而用inquire，下同)、buy/purchase、cheap/inexpensive、finish/complete、get/obtain、obtainable/available、quick/rapid、touch/contact、use/utilize、put/place、enough/sufficient、in the end/eventually等。,英文摘要的语言特点与写作技巧,英文摘要的用词 2.用词的准确性 撰写科技论文英文摘要时应在把握全文的基础上，透彻理解文中的词汇含义，句间的逻辑关系，选用准确的英文单词.如:“为了解棉蚜抗性产生与自然环境条件的关系，我们”.原译为“In order to understand a possible connection in the development of resistance of Aphis gosspii棉蚜虫with the environmental factors，we”在中文句中，“了解”一词实指“发现”、“找出”，译为understand欠妥;“产生”一词实指由于某些原因而诱导形成；“抗性”是指抗药性。故试译为“In order to find out a possible connection in resistance induced of Aphis gosspii to pesticides with the environmental factors，we”,英文摘要的语言特点与写作技巧,英文摘要的用词2.用词的准确性 另外，对于近义词一定要严格辨析，准确应用。如在农科学术论文中常用的近义词：species/variety。species为“种”，variety为“品种”。species是生物分类上的一个分类界元，其上一级是genus(属)，下一级是subspecies(亚种)。variety是指农业生产上由人工选育出的遗传构成稳定、性状表现相对一致的生物群体。,英文摘要的语言特点与写作技巧,英文摘要的用词 3.用词的简洁性 为了节约文字，应该尽量用短的词语代替长的，主要有三个方面。（1）用复合名词。将关系密切的单词用连字符号结成词组，更能收到结构谨严、含义清晰的效果，因此复合名词在科技写作中被广泛运用。如:Transmission unit of diesel engine which is new and of low cost用了12个单词。改成复合名词为:The new low-cost diesel柴油 transmission.只用6个单词，节省用词量50%，却表达出同样的意思:新型低费用柴油机传动装置。,英文摘要的语言特点与写作技巧,英文摘要的用词 3.用词的简洁性（2）以单词代词组。词组应该用含义相近的单词代替。例如:根据:用by代according to,on the basis of，in terms of 由于:用for代due to，as a result of,for the reason that,due to the fact that 现在:用now代nowadays,at present,at the present time 经常:用often代frequently,in many cases 因为:用for代because,on account of,owing to the fact that 事实上用actually代in fact,as a matter of fact,英文摘要的语言特点与写作技巧,英文摘要的用词 3.用词的简洁性 对有多个限定修饰成份的短语，其修饰成份避免是一长串形容词和名词的罗列，应被分解成前置或后置成份，并用连字符将关系紧密连接。如the chlorine 氯containing high melt index propylene 丙烯based polymer聚合物，在文摘中应以the chlorine containing propylene based polymer of high melt index形式出现。,英文摘要的语言特点与写作技巧,英文摘要的用词 3.用词的简洁性(3)以短语代从句 有两种方式，一种为将从句改成介词短，如：Those machines in operation(代which are now operating)are put into mass production.(这些运转中的机器都投入大批量生产。)用介词短语in operation代替从句which are now operating，表意相同，却节省用词一半；另一种表达为将从句改成分词短，如：This energy is transferred in turn to the object(which is)being lifted.（些能量转过来又