英语国家概况 谢福之 Chapter 6 literatu.ppt

A Guide to English-Speaking Countries,英语国家概况,英语国家概况,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,Chapter 6 Literature,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,英语国家概况,CONTENT,I,The Postmodern Period(1945-),VII,The Old English Period and Middle English Period(450-1500),I,1.1 General Knowledge,In practice,works of literature fall into four categories or genres:narrative fiction叙事小说dramapoetry non-fiction prose散文,1.1 General Knowledge,The two kinds of narrative fiction you will read most often are short stories and novels.Myths(神话),parables(寓言),romances(传奇),and epics(史诗)are also part of the genre.,1.2 The Old English Period,Old English:the epic Beowulf贝奥武夫A folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.,1.3 The Middle English Period,With the Norman Conquest in 1066,Britain entered the Middle Ages(1066-1485).Middle English:The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷的故事集(1387-1400)Geoffrey Chaucer(1340?-1400),The Renaissance(1500-1660),Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works.sonnet(十四行诗)drama The drama types are tragedy,comedy and farce(滑稽剧).,2.1 General Knowledge,Blank verse is a type of poetry,distinguished by having a regular meter,but no rhyme.In English,the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter。无韵诗是诗歌的一种，特点是有整齐的格律，却没有韵脚（即句尾不押韵）。英语中，无韵诗最常用的格律是抑扬格五音步（因此无韵诗又被称为无韵五节拍诗）。每行用五个长短格音步十个音节组成，每首行数不拘，不压韵。不押韵的诗称无韵诗或白体诗。应用 多用在戏剧和叙事诗中。莎士比亚的戏剧和弥尔顿的Paradise Lost 都是用无韵诗写成的。押韵的诗叫rhymed verse。无韵诗不同于自由诗。无韵诗虽不押韵，但是有固定节奏，以扬抑格五音步最常见。自由诗节奏不固定，如同白话。Free verse is a form of poetry which refrains from meter patterns,rhyme,or any other musical pattern.自由诗是一种不受格律、韵脚或其他音乐节拍约束的诗歌形式。,2.2 William Shakespeare(1564-1616),2.2 William Shakespeare(1564-1616),Shakespeares Birthplace,2.2 William Shakespeare(1564-1616),English playwright William Shakespeare was born in that house on Henley Street in Stratford-upon-Avon in April 1564.Shakespeares father,John,purchased the building in two stages,in 1556 and 1572.Today,Shakespeares birthplace is a museum,furnished as it might have been in Shakespeares time.It also houses an exhibit on Shakespeares life.,The Globe Theatre,where dramatist William Shakespeare saw his plays performed 400 years ago,has been rebuilt near its original location on the south bank of the Thames River in London,England.,2.2 William Shakespeare(1564-1616),Comedy A Midsummer Nights Dream(1595)The Merchant of Venice(1598)As You Like It(1599)皆大欢喜Twelfth Night(1601),2.2 William Shakespeare(1564-1616),2.2 William Shakespeare(1564-1616),Historical plays Richard III(1591)Henry IV(1597)Antony and Cleopatra(1606)安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉,2.2 William Shakespeare(1564-1616),Tragedies Hamlet(1601)Othello(1604)奥赛罗King Lear(1605)李尔王Macbeth(1606)麦克白Romeo and Juliet(1595),2.2 William Shakespeare(1564-1616),Jaques:All the worlds a stage,And all the men and women merely players;全世界是一个大舞台,所有的男男女女都只是一些演员!They have their exits and their entrances,And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages.As You Like It(Act 2,scene 7,139143),2.2 William Shakespeare(1564-1616),To be,or not to be(from Hamlet 3/1)To be,or not to be:that is the question:Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them?,2.2 William Shakespeare(1564-1616),Q.Which play is regarded as a milestone in Shakespeares dramatic development?,A:Hamlet.,2.2 William Shakespeare(1564-1616),Q.What makes Shakespeare so famous?,A:His great understanding of human nature and his ability to find universal human qualities and to put them in dramatic situations.,Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth,MERCHANT VENICE,The Neo-classical Period(1660-1785),III,The 17th century witnessed the Bourgeois Revolution and the Restoration.The 18th century is a comparatively peaceful development period.(The Industrial Revolution),3.1 Historical Background,3.1 Historical Background,Classicism prevailed for the most part of the century with Alexander Pope as its representative.Satire(讽刺文学),making fun of people,came to full growth in this century.Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲柏Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福,3.2 Representatives,John Milton(1608-1674)Paradise Lost(1667)失乐园 Paradise Regained(1671)复乐园 Samson Agonistes(1671)诗剧力士参孙,3.2.1 John Milton,3.1 Historical Background,Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲柏（Alexander Pope，1688年5月22日-1744年5月30日）是18世纪英国最伟大的诗人；杰出的启蒙主义者。,3.2.2 Alexander Pope,Alexander Pope(1688-1744)亚历山大蒲柏（1688年5月22日-1744年5月30日）是18世纪英国最伟大的诗人；杰出的启蒙主义。An Essay on Criticism(1711)批评论 The Rape of the Lock(1712-1714)劫发记 translated Homers Iliad伊利亚特 and part of Odyssey奥德赛 the first English poet who could lived off the sales of his works,3.1 Historical Background,Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特（英语：Jonathan Swift，1667年11月30日1745年10月19日）英国-爱尔兰作家。讽刺文学大师，以格理弗游记和一只桶的故事等作品闻名于世。,3.2.3 Jonathan Swift,Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)Gullivers Travels(1726)格列佛游记 an unparalleled satirical depiction of vice,folly and mere weakness of mankind.Yahooa creature representing the human race,is inferior to and governed by a noble breed of reasoning and high-minded horses.Yahoo一词发明于格列佛游记的作者Jonathan Swift。在小说里，它代表一个在外表和行为举止上都非常讨厌的家伙。Yahoo！的创始人杨致远和David Filo选择这个名字的原因就是他们觉得自己就是Yahoo。还有一种说法，David Filo和杨致远坚持他们选择这个名称的原因是他们喜欢字典里对Yahoo的定义“粗鲁，不通世故，粗俗”。,3.2.4 Daniel Defoe,Daniel Defoe(1660?-1731)Robinson Crusoe(1719)鲁滨逊漂流记,3.1 Historical Background,Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福（DanielDefoe 16601731），英国作家，英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被誉为“小说之父”。其代表作鲁滨逊漂流记闻名于世，鲁滨逊也成为与困难抗争的典型模范，因此他被视作英国小说的开创者之一。,The Romantic Period(1785-1830),4.1 Pioneers of Romantic Poets,名词解释：浪漫主义，“湖畔派诗人”Romanticism:At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries,it appeared in England as a new trend in literature.Its a revolt against the prescribed rules of Classicism.Its writers are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with reason and intellect.Lake poets:,4.1 Pioneers of Romantic Poets,Pioneers:William Wordsworth(1770-1850):The Prelude序曲“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”我好似一朵孤独的流云“My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold我的心跳跃起来当我看到彩虹时 Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1834)“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”古舟子咏“Declaration of Independence”of romantic poetryLyrical Ballads(1798)抒情歌谣集 a volume of poems written by Wordsworth and Coleridge 抒情歌谣集是英国诗人华兹华斯 和柯尔律治于1798年共同发表的诗集。它宣告了西方文学的浪漫主义运动的开始。,4.2 The Major“Second Generation”of Romantic Poets,A:The major“second generation”of Romantic poets included Lord Byron,Percy Bysshe Shelley,John Keats.,Q.Who are the major“second generation”of Romantic poets?,4.2 The Major“Second Generation”of Romantic Poets,George Gordon Byron(1788-1824),known as Lord Byron Child Harolds Pilgrimage(1812,1816,1818)恰尔德哈罗德 Don Juan(1818-1823)唐璜,4.2 The Major“Second Generation”of Romantic Poets,Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)long poem“The Revolt of Islam”(1818)伊斯兰的反叛 political lyric“The Masque of Anarchy”(1819)专制者的假面游行essay“A Defense of Poetry”(1821)诗辩 lyrical dramaPrometheus Unbound(1819)解放了的普罗米修斯 short poems“Ode to the West Wind”西风颂(1819)and“Ode to a Skylark”(1820)致云雀,The Victorian Period(1832-1901),V,5.1 Critical Realism,A:The critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.,Q.Whats the characteristic of the Critical Realism novels?,5.2 Representatives,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,Charles Dickens(1812-1870)查尔斯狄更斯 a fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian England,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,The Pickwick Papers(1836-1837)匹克威克外传 brought him immediate fameGreat Expectations(1860-1861)远大前程 Oliver Twist(1837)奥利弗特维斯特（雾都孤儿）A Tale of Two Cities(1859)双城记 David Copperfield(1849-1850)大卫科波菲尔,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,A:In his enormous body of works,Dickens combined masterly storytelling,humor,pathos(伤感),and irony with sharp social criticism and acute observation of people and places,both real and imagined.His works had great social relevance,psychological insight,and narrative and symbolic complexity.,Q.Whats the writing style of Charles Dickens?,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,5.2.2 Jane Austen,Jane Austen(17751817)简奥斯丁 Sense and Sensibility(1811)理智与情感Pride and Prejudice(1813)傲慢与偏见Mansfield Park(1814)曼斯菲尔德庄园Emma(1816)爱玛 Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺Persuasion劝导,5.2.3 Bronte勃朗特 Sisters,Bronte sisters:Charlotte(1816-1855)夏洛蒂勃朗特 Jane Eyre(1847)简爱 Emily(1818-1848)艾米莉勃朗特 Wuthering Heights(1847)呼啸山庄 Anne(1820-1849)Agnes Grey艾格尼丝格雷,5.2.4 George Eliot乔治艾略特,George Eliot(1819-1880)“philosophical writer”Adam Bede(1859)亚当比德The Mill on the Floss(1860)弗洛斯河上的磨坊Silas Marner(1861)织工马南Middlemarch(1871-1872)米德尔马契Romola罗慕拉 Felix Holt菲利克斯霍尔特Daniel Deronda丹尼尔德龙拉,5.2.4 George Eliot乔治艾略特,动物是挺棒的朋友，它们既不发问，也不批评。一位自高自大的人，就像是一只公鸡，它以为太阳上升，是为了聆听它的啼声。原文:As conceited man is like the cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.我不但喜欢被人爱，还喜欢有人告诉爱上了我；沉默的领域，大得足以超出了坟墓。原文:I like not only to be loved,but to be told I am loved.The realm of silence is large enough beyond the grave.,5.2.5 Thomas Hardy托马斯哈代,Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)The Return of the Native(1878)还乡 The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)卡斯特桥市长Tess of the DUrbervilles(1891)德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure(1895)无名的裘德 A Pair of Blue Eyes一双蓝眼睛 The Trumpet Major号兵长 Desperate Remedies非常手段 The Hand of Ethelberta艾塞尔伯塔的婚姻 Under the Greenwood Tree绿荫下 Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣,Neo-Romanticism and Aestheticism,The essential difference between neo-Romanticism and classic Romanticism lies in time change,in cultivating the ability to be used to the classic expression such as description,emotion and meditation etc,not in emphasis on empathy of human beings with nature.新浪漫精神和古典浪漫精神的最大区别在于：美学生态人的新浪漫精神不是一味地强调人对自然的感情的移入，而是要立足于时代风貌，让人更多地习惯于对自然的更为古老的表达方式，比如描写、抒情与沉思等。,Robert Louis Stevenson罗伯特路易斯史蒂文森,Treasure Island 金银岛Kidnapped诱拐The Strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr.Hyde化身博士,Aestheticism唯美主义,Representative:Oscar Wilde奥斯卡王尔德“art for arts sake”“为艺术而艺术”的唯美主义主张 The Picture of Dorian Gray道林 格雷的画像Salome莎乐美&萨洛美 唯美主义哲学尖锐批判了当时的物质社会和庸人主义。倡导人应该在生活中发现美、鉴别美、享受美，充分地展现个性。王尔德作为唯美主义的倡导者和实践者，无论是他的主张还是他的个性或者作品都是充满魅力的。王尔德醉心于艺术形式美的追寻，其断言只有风格才能使艺术不朽。王尔德不仅在服饰、装饰、语言的表达以及行为举止等人生的各方面创造了炫然多彩的审美形式，并成功折射到他的作品中去。,Oscar Wilde奥斯卡王尔德,小说道林格雷的画像（The Picture of Dorian Gray，1890年）童话集快乐王子和其他故事（The Happy Prince and Other Tales，1888年）收录童话：快乐王子（The happy prince）夜莺与蔷薇（The nightingale and the rose）,王尔德的话,这世上只有一件事比被人议论更糟糕，那就是不曾被人议论过。男人经常希望是女人的初恋对象，女人则希望成为男人最后的罗曼史。起初是我们造成习惯，后来是习惯造就我们。离婚的最主要原因是结婚。男女因为误会而结合，因了解而分开。男人结婚是因为疲倦，女人结婚是因为好奇，结果双方大失所望。女人是用来爱的，不是用来被理解的。,The Modern Period(1914-1945),6.1 Fiction,Fiction Joseph Conrad(1857-1924)Virginia Woolf(1882-1941)James Joyce(1882-1941)D.H.Lawrence(1885-1930),Stream of consciousness意识流,名词解释,Modernism:Stream of consciousness:Stream of consciousness makes it first appearance in the late 19th century.It is a kind of literary technique which depicts the characters mental and emotional reactions in an unpunctuated or disjointed form.,6.1 Fiction,Joseph Conrad(1857-1924)约瑟夫康拉德The Heart of Darkness(1902)描写在神秘的刚果河上航行的黑暗的中心&黑暗深处（19O2）是他最负盛誉的小说 信仰超自然的罪恶根源无此必要，因为人类本身就能胜任于任何邪恶。Joseph Conrad,6.1 Fiction,Virginia Woolf弗吉尼亚伍尔芙(1882-1941)a central figure of the“Bloomsbury Group”布卢姆斯伯里团体,被誉为二十世纪现代主义与女性主义的先锋,意识流小说的代表人物之一 Mrs.Dalloway(1925)戴洛维夫人 To The Lighthouse(1927)灯塔行Orlando(1928)奥兰多 A Room of Ones Own(1929)自己的房间,6.1 Fiction,James Joyce(1882-1941)詹姆斯乔伊斯 Ulysses(1922)尤利西斯Finnegans Wake(1939)芬尼根守灵夜&芬尼根守夜人,6.1 Fiction,D.H.Lawrence(1885-1930)劳伦斯-语言优美，气势恢宏20世纪英国最独特和最有争议的作家。被称为“英国文学史上最伟大的人物之一”Sons and Lovers(1913)儿子和情人Rainbow(1915)彩虹Lady Chatterleys Lover(1928)查泰来夫人的情人 劳伦斯的创作受弗洛伊德精神分析法的影响，他的作品对家庭、婚姻和性进行了细致入微的探索。其中对于情爱的深入描写，一度引发极大的轰动与争议，对20世纪的小说写作产生了广泛影响。,6.2 Poetry,Poetry William Butler Yeats(1865-1939)威廉巴特勒，亦译“叶慈”、“耶茨”，爱尔兰诗人、剧作家，著名的神秘主义者，是“爱尔兰文艺复兴运动”的领袖，也是艾比剧院（Abbey Theatre）的创建者之一，被诗人艾略特誉为当代最伟大的诗人。叶芝对戏剧也有浓厚的兴趣，先后写过26部剧本。Thomas Stearns Eliot(1888-1965)托马斯斯特尔那斯艾略特，作为诗人、评论家、剧作家，其作品在二十世纪乃至今日的文学史上影响极为深远。1948年，60岁的艾略特迎来了他一生中最大的荣誉诺贝尔文学奖。,6.2 Poetry,William Butler Yeats(1865-1939)won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923叶芝曾于1923年获得诺贝尔文学奖，获奖的理由是“以其高度艺术化且洋溢着灵感的诗作表达了整个民族的灵魂”。“The Wild Swans at Coole”库尔的野天鹅“Michael Robartes and the Dancer”麦克尔 罗巴蒂斯与舞蹈者“The Tower”塔楼,6.2 Poetry,Thomas Stearns Eliot(1888-1965)托马斯斯特尔那斯艾略特，获得诺贝尔文学奖The Waste Land(1922)荒原-英美现代诗歌的里程碑。Four Quartets(1935-1942)四个四重奏 Murder in the Cathedral，（1935年）大教堂中的谋杀,6.3 Drama,Drama George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)伯纳萧，爱尔兰剧作家，1925年因为作品具有理想主义和人道主义而获诺贝尔文学奖，是英国现代杰出的现实主义戏剧作家，是世界著名的擅长幽默与讽刺的语言大师。萧伯纳的一生，是和社会主义运动发生密切关系的一生，他认真研读过资本论，公开声言他“是一个普通的无产者”，“一个社会主义者”。然而，由于世界观上的局限性，他没能成为无产阶级战士，而终生是一个资产阶级改良主义者。,6.3 Drama,George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)乔治 萧伯纳Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant(1898)愉快和不愉快戏剧Widowers Houses(1892)鳏夫的房产 Mrs.Warrens Profession(1893)华伦夫人的职业 Arms and the Man(1894)武器与人 Pygmalion(1913)卖花女（1964年改编成音乐剧电影窈窕淑女，（My Fair Lady）(奥黛丽赫本主演)当年获奥斯卡最佳影片、最佳导演、最佳改编音乐等八座小金人。）Saint Joan(1924)圣女贞德,The Postmodern Period(1945-),7.1 Fiction,A:1)Modernism tends to present a fragmented view of human subjectivity(主观),but presents that fragmentation分裂,破碎as something tragic,something to be lamented as a loss.While Postmodernism doesnt lament the idea of fragmentation but rather celebrates it.,Q.Whats the distinction between Modernism and Postmodernism?,7.1 Fiction,2)Modernists look for buried meaning below confusing surfaces,while Postmodernists abandon that search.,现实主义,客观全面地反映生活,不夸张,不带明显的好恶和是非评价.与浪漫主义相对.现代主义主要是19世纪后期以及至今也仍风行的一种文学思潮,跟楼上文中解释的差不多.表现在物质社会中人的迷失和反抗.并且屏弃现实注意和浪漫主义宣扬美善的传统,开始描写甚至歌颂黑暗和丑陋,变态和自虐;前两种主义(特别是现实主义和浪漫主义)基本上还是把语言文字做为表达的主要手段.后现代主义则充分利用语言之外的符号,包括图画、摄影、行为艺术等等.乱七八糟,无所不做,一堆大便,一包垃圾,都是所谓艺术,可以这样说 如果说文学是要改变人 改造人的灵魂 思想的话 那么 现代主义比 现实主义的效果更好 后现代主义比现代主义又更进步！它们与生活紧密相连,7.1 Fiction,George Orwell(1903-1950)乔治奥威尔 Nineteen Eighty Four(1948)Animal Farm动物农场,William Golding威廉戈尔丁,是一位英国小说家，诗人，1983年诺贝尔文学奖得主。戈尔丁是20世纪现实主义文学的代表人物,他的小说富含寓意，广泛地融入了古典文学，神话，基督教文化以及象征主义。其作品的主题一般是与黑暗邪恶有关，但他的小说中也表达一种昏暗的乐观主义。他的第一本小说Lord of the Flies蝇王（1954年）突出了他一直不停探讨的主题：人类天生的野蛮与文明的理性的斗争。这部小说也奠定了他的世界声誉。,V.S Naipaul奈保尔,印度裔，但出生在美洲的特立尼达和多巴哥。1950年18岁留学英国牛津大学。获文学学士学位。从此定居英国。身为文学、史学、宗教学大师，1990年58岁荣获英国皇家封爵。1993年61岁荣获柯恩文学奖（英国健在的文学大师终生成就奖）。2001年69岁荣获诺贝尔文学奖。,International analysis:The Middle Passage中途航道 An India trilogy:An Area Of Darkness幽黯国度：记忆与现实交错的印度之旅 印度三部曲1India：A Wounded Civilization 印度：受伤的文明 印度三部曲2India：A Million Mutinies Now印度：百万叛变的今天 印度三部曲3Novels:The Mystic Masseur灵异推拿师In A Free State自由国度,荣获1971年布克奖。A Bend In The River 河湾Half A Life半生,7.2 Drama,Samuel Beckett(1906-1989)塞缪尔贝克特,20世纪爱尔兰、法国作家，创作的领域包括戏剧、小说和诗歌，尤以戏剧成就最高。他是荒诞派戏剧的重要代表人物。1969年，他因“以一种新的小说与戏剧的形式，以崇高的艺术表现人类的苦恼”而获得诺贝尔文学奖。-Absurd Theater Waiting for Godot(1952)等待戈多是贝克特的代表作，也是荒诞派戏剧的奠基之作。Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1969 for his writing,whichin new forms for the novel and dramain the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation.,7.2 Drama,“Mr.Godot told me to tell you he wont come this evening but surely tomorrow.”,7.2 Drama,ESTRAGON:No,nothing is certain.Vladimir slowly crosses the stage and sits down beside tragon.角豆树VLADIMIR:We can still part,if you think it would be better.ESTRAGON:Its not worthwhile now.(Silence),7.2 Drama,VLADIMIR:No,its not worthwhile now.(Silence)ESTRAGON:Well,shall we go?VLADIMIR:Yes,lets go.They do not move.,Harold Pinter哈罗德.品特-获得诺