《英语考前辅导》PPT课件.ppt

英语考前辅导,郭 继 荣西安交通大学2002 年 6 月E-mail:,第一部分 语法、词汇,第一章 主谓一致一、若以下词作句子主语时，谓语动词用单数形式（尽管有些词具有复数含意，仍然要用单数谓语）。这些词包括：everyone,everybody,everything,someone,somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,no one,nobody,nothing,each,either,neither等。Everyone is here.大家都到了。Neither of these books is very new.这两本书都不很新。二、当each或every置于and所连接的两个单数名词之前时，谓语动词用单数形式。Every man and woman is eligible to vote.每一位成年男女都有选举。Each student and teacher has a locker.每一位学生和老师都有一个更衣柜。三、先行词it作主语时，要求用单数谓语动词。It was the dogs which awakened me.是狗把我吵醒了。It is grades that worry him.他担心的是成绩。四、置于主语和动词之间的词不改变主语数的变化，介词词组常常放置于主语和动词之间。together with in addition to The man a long with his ten children is leaving soon.这位男子和他的10个孩子很快就要离去。as well as Everyone except him has a book.除了他之外，人人都有书了。The teacher together with his students is viewing a film.老师和他的学生们正在看电影。One of the most enjoyable parties was given by Helen.海伦举办的晚会是最愉快的晚会之一。,五、There,here和where不作句子主语，以它们开头的句子的主语位于动词之后。There are no dogs in this neighborhood.邻居家没有狗。Here are the results of the experiments.这是实验结果。Where is the book you are looking for?你要找的书在哪儿？六、在由and 或bothand连接的主语的句子中，谓语动词用复数。A red Honda and a blue Ford are parked outside.外边停着一辆红色的“本田”车和兰色“福特”。Both tigers and elephants are becoming extinct.老虎和大象正趋向绝迹。七、Several,many,few和both都为复数式，谓语动词用复数形式。Both are going to attend the University of Texas.Only a few have passed the exam.八、表示着装、工具以及抽象概念的词总是以复数形式出现，而且通常用复数动词。这些词包 括：trousers,pants,jeans,sunglasses;scissors,pliers,tweezers,riches,thanks,means.His pants are still at the cleaners.Your thanks are enough for me.但是，如果这些词和a pair of或a word of 连用后，则可用单数谓 语动词。That pair of pants is dirty.A word of thanks is enough.九、由neithernor,not onlybut also等结构连接的词作主语时，谓语动词要和接近它的主语保持一致。Neither the students nor the teacher is allowed to smoke.Not only the nurses but also the doctor is coming soon.It is his wife or daughters who are going to meet him at the airport.十、None,all,some,any,most,majority及half等词的单复数形式取决于他们之后的介词短语的宾语。All of the book has been destroyed.All of the books have been thrown away.All of the money is in the bank.,十一、A number of 短语表示复数，用复数谓语动词；the number of 短语表示单数，用单数谓语动词。A number of students were missing from the class.The number of Mexican students in class is small.十二、Many a 和more than one 作主语时，通常用单数动词；如果more than one单独作主语，则用复数形式。Many a student has won the admission to the first rate university.More than one teacher has obtained a doctoral degree.十三、定冠词the+形容词表示一类人、作主语时，谓语动词用复数式。The young like pop music while the old prefer opera.十四、表示时间、金钱、重量、体积以及距离的词作主语时，谓语动词用 单数形式。Two weeks is enough time for a nice vacation.Five hundred dollars is required as a down payment.Twenty gallons of gasoline costs a lot of money.十五、学科名称和疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Mathematics is a difficult subject.Electronics is a piece of cake to him.十六、书本及电影的名称作主语时，用单数谓语动词。The New York Times is a good newspaper.Star Wars was a good movie.,十七、集体名词作主语时，如果表示集体统一行动，谓语动词用单数；如果单独行动，则用复数动词。这些词包括：class,team,police,committee,audience,faculty,staff及crew等。The class has its find test on Friday.The class are working on their individual projects today.十八、单、复数形式相同的词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于这些词前的限定词。That species is rare.Those species are common.That deer is young.Those deer are old.十九、动词不定式、分词短语及从句作主语时，动词用单数形式。Seeing is believing.To be honest is the best policy.What he said makes no sense.二十、One of+名词和the only one of 的一致问题。在one of+复数名词+who/what/which从句中，从句谓语的的数与靠近的复数名词一致。Pat was one of the persons I know who have learnt from the experience.若one之前有the或the only等限定词，关系代词的先行词为the one,谓语动词用单数形式。Sarah is the only one of the youngest girls who plays in the band.二十一、以-ese,-ch,-sh结尾的词，若表示所在国的语言，谓语动词用单数形式，若表示人民，前加定冠词，并用复数谓语动词。French is a Romance language The French are romantic.English is spoken in the U.S.,二十二、英语中外来词的变化表。,The algae in the pool are hard to remove.The radius of the circle is two inches.,Exercises:Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences.1Neither of the reporters _allowed to interview the players.A.are B.isC.haveD.has2Every man,woman and child _given a free ticket.A.is B.are C.have D.has3Wall paper in addition to new curtains _ been ordered.A.has B.haveC.will D.would4There _ been no now discoveries in that field.A.has B.have C.is D.are5Several unusual species of birds _ found in this area.A.is B.are C.have D.has6One and a half hours _ passed.A.has B.are C.is D.have7Nobody but San and Ann _ in the lab.A.are B.had been C.were D.is8Bacon and eggs _ the typical American breakfast.A.are B.have C.is D.has9Every hour and every minute _ vital to me now.A.are B.have C.is D.has10.One or two students _ allowed to attend the meeting.A.is B.are C.have D.would,第二章 非限定动词,非限定动词是指动词不定式、动名词和分词。它们是动词的非限定形式，在句子中起着一些特殊作用。第一节 动词不定式 动词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，由“to+动词原形“构成，在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，可以作状语、定语、主语、宾语等。一、作主语 1.带to的不定式作主语 To hesitate means failure.犹豫不决意味着失败。To be obeyed is natural to her.别人听命于她，她感到很自然。在现代英语中，更为常见的形式是把先行词it置于句首，作形式主语，而把实际主语的不定式置于谓 语动词之后，尤其是当主语较长，或谓语动词不是连系动词，或谓语动词为被动语态时；而在疑问句和感叹句中则必须用这种形式。It is not easy to remember all these words in an hour.在一个小时内记住所有这些词可不容易。It was expected of him to see the play.他可望去看这出戏。How long did it take you to get there?你们用了多长时间到达那儿？What a joy it was to see him!见到他是个多大的乐啊！2.“wh-疑问词（why除外）+带to的不定式”作主语 What to do next has not been decided yet.下一步该做什么还没决定。Where to stay for the night is a most urgent problem.在哪儿过夜是个十分紧迫的问题。,二、作表语 To see her is to love her.谁看见她谁都会喜爱她。The duties of a postman are to deliver letters and newspapers.邮递员的职责是投递信件和报纸。He is yet to come.他还没有来。注：不定式作表语时往往具有情态意义。Shes to blame.她应该受到责备。（表应该）Nobody is to know.不应让任何人知道。（表命令）Its nowhere to be found.哪儿也找不到它。（表可能）We are to meet twice a mouth.我们将一个月碰两次头。（表计划）Am I never to see her again?难道称就永远见不到她了吗？（表注定）三、作宾语 不定式在句子中可作宾语，其逻辑主语同时也是全句的主语。She likes to play with the child.她喜欢同那孩子玩。He seemed to know the way.他好象认识这条路。My wife also asks to join her greeting and thanks.我妻子也要我顺致她的问候和感谢。后接不定式的动词有：afford,agree,aim,ask,claim,choose,decide,decline,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,threaten,wish等。They havent decided whether to go.他们没有决定是否去。I have told him when to start.我已告诉他什么时候出发。He found it impossible to keep silent any longer.他认为不能再保持沉默了。,四、作介词宾语 1.带to的不定式作介词except或but的宾语 It had no effect except to make him angry.除了激怒他之外没有起别的作用。2.不带to的不定式作介词except或but的宾语，此时介词前有实义动词do的限定形式或非限定形式。She can do everything except cook.她什么都会做，就是不会做饭。He doesnt want to do anything except help me.他只想帮助我。They did nothing but complain.他们只是抱怨。3.带wh-疑问词的不定式短语作介词of的宾语 The question of what to use has not been discussed.使用什么的问题还没有讨论。五、作主语补语 1.句子主语为带to的不定式（短语）To know everything is to know nothing.样样都懂，样样稀松。To doubt,under the circumstance,is almost to insult.在这种情况下，怀疑几乎等于侮辱。2.句子的主语为抽象名词 Our plan is to finish the work next week.我们的计划是下星期完成这项工作。His dream is to be an engineer.他的梦想是当一句工程师。常见的抽象名词有：aim,duty,hope,intention,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion,wish等。3.句子的主语为what引导的名词性从句等 What he needed was to have a day off.他所需要的是休一天假。此时如果主语部分中有实义动词do的限定或非限定形式，作主语补语的不定式可省略to。What he did was(to)help you.他所做的事情是帮助你。All I have to do is(to)wash the dishes.我所要做的一切是洗这些碟子。4.带wh-疑问词的不定式短语作主语短语 Our difficulty is where to find a guide.我们的困难是上哪儿找个向导。,六、作宾语补语 在有些动词后面的复合宾语中，不定式（短语）可以做宾语补足语，宾语为不定式（补语）的逻辑主语。不定式作宾语补语有带to与不带to的两种情况。1.带to的不定式作宾语补语 1）在表示思维活动的动词后；这类动词有：consider,discover,find,hold,imagine,judge,know,prove,suppose,think,understand等。We believe him to have gone abroad.我们想信他已经出国了。2）在表示请求、允许或命令的动词后；这类动词有：allow,ask,beg,forbid,order,permit,persuade,request,warn等。They warned me not to be late.他们告诫我不要迟到。3）在某些役使动词后；这类动词有：cause,compel,enable,force,get,oblige,press,urge等。Ill get someone to help you.我将找人来帮你。4）在表示愿望的动词之后；这类动词有：desire,intend,mean,want,wish等。He wished those books to be returned soon.他希望那些书能早点归还。5）在表示爱憎的动词后；这类动词有：dislike,hate,like,love,cant bear等。His wife dislikes him to be a smoker.他妻子不喜欢他抽烟。2.不带to的不定式（短语）作宾语补语。在某些感官动词后；这类动词有：feel,hear,notice,observe,perceive,see,smell,watch,listen to,look at等。Did you notice him pause?你注意到他停了一会吗？3.动词help后，作宾语补语的不定式有带to和不带to的两种情况。1）当help的动作执行者参与作宾至如归补的不定式所表示的行为时，不定式可不带to,特别是在美 国英语中。Will you help us clear the table?帮我们一起收拾桌子好吗？2）当help的动作执行者不参与作宾补的不定式所表示的行为时，常用带to的不定式。The money helped him to complete his education.这笔钱帮助他完成了学业。,七、作形容词补足语（有的语法家也称这种不定式为宾语）1、表示原因 Im glad to hear the news.我听到这个消息很高兴。常与不定式搭配的形容词有：content,fortunate,glad,grateful,happy,(un-)lucky,proud,sorry,thankful以及surprised等一些用作形容词的过去分词。2、表示一种虚拟条件 He should be sad to know this.(=He should be sad if he knew this).如果他知道这件事会很难过。3、句子的主语与不定式（短语）为逻辑上的施动关系。He was stupid to leave her.(=It was stupid of him to leave her.)他离开她是愚蠢的。与不定式搭配的表示人的品格或智能特征的形容词有：brave,careful,careless,clumsy,courageous,cruel,foolish,generous,honest,kind,nice,polite,reasonable,sensible等。4、句子的主语与不定式为逻辑上的受动关系。She was hard to leave.(=It was hard to leave her.)离开她是很难的。这类词常包括：agreeable,amusing,difficult,easy,hard,hopeless,(im-)possible,interesting,nice,pleasant等。,八、作定语 不定式在句中作定语时，通常置于其所修饰的名词或代词之后。1、被修饰的中心词与不定式之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。He is the teacher to teach us English next term.他是下学期教我们英语的老师。His next book to appear this year will be popular.他今年将出版的另一本书将受欢迎。2、不定式与被修饰的中心词之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系。It was a game to remember.那是一场令人难忘的球赛。I have nothing to say on this question.在这个问题上，我没有什么话要说。3、有些后面带不定式宾语的动词，其同源名词也可被作后置定语的不定式修饰。His wish to visit China is quite understandable.他访问中国的愿望是完全可以理解的。（名词wish与常后接不定式的动词wish同源）Her decision to be a pianist is final.(decision与常后接不定式的动词decide同源)4、有些后面带不定式作补语的形容词，其同源名词也可被作后置定语的不定式修饰。Hes reputed for his ability to speak four languages.他以能讲四国语言而闻名。（ability与常后接不定式的形容词able同源）I was deeply impressed by her anxiety not to disturb anyone.他生怕惊动任何人的心绪给我留下了深刻的印象。（anxiety与常后接不定式的形容词anxious同源）5、不定式用作同位语 He gave the order to start the attack.(to start与order同位)他发出了开始进攻的命令。He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where 1 picked him up.他照吩咐沿某一条街走，我在那里搭他上车。,九、作状语 1、作目的状语 He cupped his ear to hear better.他的手捂着耳朵，以便听得更清楚些。I stayed there to see what would happen.我留在那里看看会发生什么事。2、作结果状语 He lived to be a very old man.他活得很长。In 1935 he left home never to return.1935年，他离开家再也没回来。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。3、作原因状语 I trembled to think of it.我一想到那件事就不寒而粟。She wept to see him in such a terrible state.她看到他这种可怕的样子就器了。十、作独立成份 To tell you the truth,we know nothing a bout it.老实说，对那件事我们一无所知。It happened,to be exact,at five minutes past two.确切地说，这件事发生在两点过五分。,第二节 动名词 动名词（gerund）也是非限定动词的一种。它由动词原形加词尾-ing构成，与现在分词的构成法一样。动名词在句中不能作谓语，但可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补语和主语补足语等。一、作主语 Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。Saving is having.节约即是收入。在下面一些句子结构中，常用it作形式主语，把作真实主语的动名词放在句末。It is 后接no use,no good,fun等名词。It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。Its great fun sailing a boat.扬帆驾舟是十分有趣的事。Its后接useless,nice,good,interesting等形容词。It is useless speaking.光说没用。It is so nice sitting here with you.和你坐在一起真是愉快。It is good hearing English spoken.我很高兴听到有人讲英语。二、作表语 动名词在句中可用作表语，其逻辑主语有泛指也有特指，视具体情况而定。The main thing is getting there in time.首要的是及时到达那里。His main extravagance is smoking.他的主要嗜好是吸烟。Thats asking too much.这样就要求过分了。This is not playing the game.这样做就不公正诚实了。,三、作宾语 动名词在句中作宾语时，其逻辑主语多属特指。Have you finished reading the book?你读完那本书了吗？I suggest doing it in a different way.我建议换一种方法做此事。Fancy doing that.真想不到做那种事。I hate smoking.我讨厌（人们）吸烟。（泛指）Im all for going.我完全赞成去。能以动名词作宾语的动词有：admit,advocate,appreciate,avoid,cant help,cant stand,consider,dislike,enjoy,fancy,finish,imagine,involve,mention,mind,postpone,practise,prevent,resist,risk,suggest,stop,tolerate等。四、作定语 Everybody was at his fighting post.每个人都守在自己的战斗岗位上。They set up an operating table in a small temple.他们将手术台架设在一座小庙里。有一些复合动名词亦可用作定语，如：fact-finding committee 调查委员会,peace-keeping troops 维和部队。五、动名词复合结构 名词属格或物主代词后加动名词，即构成动名词复合结构。在动名词复合结构中，名词属格或物主代词是动名词的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中多用作主语或宾语。1、用作主语 Toms going there wont do any harm.汤姆去那儿没什么坏处。It is no use your running away.你们逃走是没用的。2、用作宾语 I cant bear his staying up so late.他睡得这么晚，我受不了。Excuse my interrupting you.请原谅我打断你的生活。I hate people being unhappy.我不愿人们不快乐。,六、动名词的态 动名词有一般式与完成式两种形式，其形式变化与现在分词相同。1、动名词一般式所表的动作可与谓语动词所表的动作同时发生，如：A gregarious person,he loves just talking with people.他是一个爱交际的人，爱与人聊天。A big job should be done in popularizing education.普及教育应该花大力气。动名词一般式所表的动作也可能与谓语动词所表的动作异时发生，如：On finding that the engine was working badly,the pilot was obliged to land.飞行员一发现引擎不灵就被迫降落。（之前发生）He is not afraid of dying.他不怕死。（之后）2、动名词完成式所表的动作皆发生在谓语动词所表的动作之前，如：Allan repented having shot the bird.阿伦悔不该射死那只鸟。His audacity comes from having seen the worst happened,from having endured the keenest pain.他的胆识是由于他有过最坏的遭遇，忍受过最强烈的痛苦。七、动名词的被动式 动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式两种。1、动名词的一般式用于被动语态，如：He narrowly escaped being run over.他差一点被车压着。I have not the least objection to his being shot.我对枪毙他毫不反对。2、动名词完成式用于被动语态。He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess.他为奕棋上从未被击败而自豪。His arm was not in a sling,and showed no sigh of having been damaged.他的手臂并未用吊带吊起，出没有受到伤的迹象。3、有些动名词在句中具有主动的形式，但含有被动的意义，如：The house needs repairing.房子需要修缮。If a thing is worth doing,it is worth doing well.一件事如值得做，就应把它做好。这类动词有：require,need,want,deserve等。,八、动名词与不定式的比较 1、二者有时无甚区别，只是动名词着重进程，不定式着重结果。如：Seeing is believing.眼见为实。To see is to believe.I like setting up early.我喜欢早起。I like to set up early.Bertha began crying.伯莎哭了起来。Bertha began to cry.She cant bear being laughed at.她不能忍受被人嘲笑。She cant bear to be laughed at.2、但有时二者有下列不同之处：1）动名词的逻辑主语可能泛指人们，而不定式的逻辑主语则常常是句子中的名词或代词。I scorn telling lies.我蔑视说谎。I scorn to tell a lie.我不善于说谎。I hate smoking.我讨厌吸烟。I hate to smoke.我不爱抽烟。2)动名词可表一般或抽象的多次性行为，而不定式则往往表具体的一次性的动作，如：Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。（泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous.玩火会发生危险。（指一具体动作）,第三节 分 词分词是动词的三种非限定形式之一，包括现在分词和过去分词两种。一、现在分词与过去分词的区别 现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作已结束。the moving story 动人的故事 the moved audience 受感动的观众 boiling water 沸水 boiled water 开水二、现在分词的用法 1、现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词前，如：exciting news 振奋人心的消息 annoying children 惹人心烦的孩子 She is a charming child.她是一个招人爱的孩子 He asked an embracing question.他提了一个令人难堪的问题。现在分词亦可置于它所修饰的名词之后，如：There were no soldiers drilling.没有士兵在操练。There is nothing doing.不行！2、现在分词作状语 1）作时间状语 Stepping carelessly off the pavement,he was knocked down by the bus.他不小心离开了人行道，被公共汽车撞倒了。While flying over the channel,the pilot saw what he thought to be meteorite.飞过英吉利海峡时，驾驶员认为他看见了一颗陨星。,2）作原因状语 Living in the country,we had few social engagements.我们住在乡村，交际的机会很少。Seeing that it was raining,George put on his raincoat.鉴于下雨乔治穿上了雨衣。3）作条件状语 Adopting this method,we will raise average yield by 40 percent.采用这种方法后，平均产量将提高40%。4）作让步状语 Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我赔偿损失。Such committees,being evenly balanced,almost never succeed in making unequivocal judgments.这种委员会虽然代表性很均衡，但几乎从未做出十分明确的判断。5）作结果状语 He fired,wounding one of the bandits.他开了枪，击伤了其中一名歹徒。He mistook me for a teacher,causing me some embarrassment.他把我误认为教师使我有点儿不好意思。6）作方式状语或伴随情况 He earns a living driving a car.他靠开车谋生。He ran up to her breathing heavily.他气喘吁吁地跑到她跟前。,三、过去分词的用法 1、作定语 The boy gave a cry and with outstretched arms ran forward.那孩子叫了一声，伸开两臂向前跑。Did you pay a visit to the tomb of unknown soldiers?你去看了无名英雄之墓吗？The workers demand increased wages.工人要求增加工资。2、作状语 1）作时间状语 Heated,the metal expands.这种金属加热后即会膨胀。I wont go u