《舒运祥谈命题》PPT课件.ppt

高中英语试题 命题技巧,评价考试质量的标准,语言测试的效用=信度效度测试的真实性 使用语言的程度 考试的影响可行性,一、根据测试目的选用合适的考试形式,1.交际能力（交际性测试）海姆斯(D.H.Hymes)认为交际能力应体 现在四个方面:E 形式正确、合理可行、内容得体、实际使用 Canale&Swain认为交际能力包括 语言能力(linguistic competence)社会语言能力(sociolinguistic competence)语篇运用能力(discourse competence)E 策略运用能力(strategic competence),Example:,You were applying to a university and needed a letter of recommendation.You went to a professor，who was also your friend，and said：,-Id appreciate it if you could write a letter of recommendation for me.-I want to ask you to write a letter of recommendation for me.-I wonder if you could write a letter recommendation me.-Hey,give me recommendation letter.Back,Back,交际性测试的特点:,注重语言行为 设置真实情景 强调针对性 以语段为测试单位 多技能的综合测试,2.综合运用语言能力(综合性测试）,Cloze testDictationListening based test:Listening and repeatListening and writing 例Listening and structure,3.经分解的语言能力（分离式测试）,A.Speaking B.Listening C.Reading D.Writing 1.Phonology 2.Lexis 3.Syntax 4.Culture,Cheap A.shipB.sheepC.shop,Dont be a glass-half-empty guy.Be a glass-half-full guy.Girls like the glass-half-full type of personality#,B 1,C 4,It comes from the pseudo-philosophical question about life,“Do you believe the glass is half-empty or half-full?”,meaning,“are you optimistic or pessimistic about life?”The speaker was being clever in turning the question into adjectives and telling guys to appear optimistic before girls.Back,双向细目表 例,语音 从A、B、C、D 4个选项中，选出划线部分与所给单词划线部分读音相同的答案。thin A.their B.then C.thirdD.mother语法 从A、B、C、D 4个选项中，选择正确答案填空。Listen!The girls _ in the next room.A.sing B.singsC.sang D.are singing阅读理解 Look at the car.Its Mr.Blacks car.It doesnt work now.Mr.Black is under it.He is mending it.Mrs.Black is near the car.She is helping Mr.Black.The girl in the car is Kate,Mr.Blacks daughter.Mr.Black is _ his car.A.washing B.drivingC.cleaningD.mending,二、根据考核目标选择题型,三、命题技巧,1.选材(1)口语的特征冗余信息多短句用得多 重复对方的话语多 E停顿和插入语多(gap fillers)(2)难度(3)词汇(生词的处理),I.听力,The Terminal(幸福终点站),Frank:So youre afraid.Viktor:From what?Frank:Krakozhia.Youre afraid of Krakozhia.Viktor:Krakozhia?No,I am not afraid from Krakozhia.Im a little afraid of this room.Frank:Im talking about bombs.Im talking about human dignity.Im talking about human rights.Viktor,please dont be afraid to tell me youre afraid of Krakozhia.Viktor:Its home.I am not afraid from my home.Back,2.试题的编写,设问的顺序与题量的分布哪些问题不适宜作听力题？过于依赖记忆、专业知识的题目选项宜短不宜长 E题目之间不能镶套 E 平时的能力训练题应区分于高考题 E,W:How about going to a dinner and a movie with me?M:Id love to,but I havent packed yet,and my flight leaves at 6 AM.Q:Why doesnt the man accept the invitation?,A.Because he wants to get ready for a train trip.B.Because he wants to get ready for a ship trip.C.Because he wants to get ready for a bus trip.D.Because he wants to get ready for a plane trip.,Q:What is the man going to do?A:See a film.B.Dine out.C.Fetch a pack.D.Have a plane trip.Back,Mr Larsons job interview preparation tipsHe advises(1).In particular,I should be careful about(2).A good tip is to(3).In addition,I should(4).I must learn to do this(5).To come up with such a list,it is a good idea to(6).Next,I should(7).,What?Where?Who?When?How?Why?Back,W:Are you coming to our party this evening?M:Id like to.But you see,Im very busy these days.Q:Will the man attend the party?,A.Yes,he may attend the party.B.No,he cant attend the party.C.Yes,he will by all means.D.No,he doesnt want to attend it.Back,II.语法,1.考核目标 Form Meaning Use,Grammar,1.Leaves are found on all kinds of trees,but they differ greatly _ size and shape.A.on(5.8)B.from(28.3)C.by(5.3)D.in(60.6),2.Whats made you so upset?_ three tickets to the pop music concert A.LostB.LosingC.Because of losingD.Since I lost,2.题目的来源,文章中的句子学生作业中的错误3.编题要点,常见问题举例,Someone puts something in front of your left ear.What is it?A.An orangeB.A pearC.An appleD.A penThe letters“ea”in the word“read”in the story are pronounced _ and in the word“real”are pronounced _.A.i:;i:B.e;iC.i;iD.i;e,编写要点,The rhinoceros _ a rather poor sense of smell,nor _.A.has can it see well B.have can they see well C.has it can see well D.have they can see well,1.每题只设一个测试目标,The phrase“slow times”(Line 3,Para.4)means _.,A.the time when people are busyB.the time when theres not much businessC.the time when people work slowlyD.the time is slow,2.试题的考核内容应尽量放在题干内,The phrase“slow times”(Line 3,Para.4)means the time when_.A.people are busy B.theres not much business C.people work slowlyD.theres no work to do,Last Sunday afternoon I met Alan in the street,he told me that he sold most of his belongings.He had scarcely _ left in the house.,A.everythingB.anything C.nothingD.something,3.在提供必要的语境情况下，题干应 尽量简洁,4.避免在题目中出现提示,During the course of a day,the average man takes AB 17,300 breaths,whereas the average woman,with C their smaller lungs,takes 28,800.D,A man who wants to predict the weather must watch _.,A.the windB.the humidityC.the cloudsD.all of these,5.尽量少用 all of these,all of above 等选项,6.避免选项内容的重叠,According to the passage,the average weight of the adult United States female is _.A.less than 104 poundsB.less than 110 poundsC.more than 117 poundsD.more than 120 pounds,III.词汇,1.考核目标词义、词性、搭配、惯用法、词汇量 例 2.考核层次单词（词汇）、句子、语篇以语篇为主3.语篇型词汇题的编写注意点 例,Vocabulary,1.Broadly speaking,I would agree with Shirley,though not _.A.widelyB.thoroughlyC.entirelyD.extensively2.One of the consequences of our planets being warming up is a(n)_ in the number of natural disasters.A.resultB.account C.reasonD.increase3.Her father thought it was a good to buy a computer for her as a birthday gift.A.newsB.adviceC.ideaD.information,Vocabulary,4.The housing in Shanghai will be solved in the coming years.A.problemB.solution C.conditionD.situation5.Some of the houses on the hillside are _ to cars.A.inaccessible B.impossible C.inconvenientD.inadequateBack,A.apart B.advanced C.participation D.inventionE.Manufacturing F.model G.religion H.LeadingI.purchased J.consisted Michael Dell started a PC company in his dormitory room while attending the University of Texas in Austin.The computer whiz(奇才)had a new idea:to sell directly to the consumer without the _1_ of retailers(零售商).At that time,IBM personal computers sold in stores for about$3,000.After taking them _2_ and rebuilding them,Dell realized the parts could be _3_ for one-fourth of the price if bought in large quantities.And he intended to compete with IBM.The public was becoming more interested in computers and wanted more _4_ models,but no one was producing them.In early May,a week before his final exams,Michael started his Dell Computer Corporation with only$1,000.He took his exams,and then dropped out of college at the end of his freshman year.It was time to try Back,1.Cloze 能够测试：,语言知识 阅读理解能力 总体语言水平,IV.完形填空,2.所测试的能力取决于如何留空,Intra-sentential items（单句理解）The intra-sentential items refer to those that the candidates can answer correctly when they understand the meaning of the single sentence.Inter-sentential items（上下文理解）The inter-sentential items refer to those that the candidates can answer correctly only when they understand the previous or/and the following sentence(s),e.g.*The food was still too high to be reached.So he found a _ chair.,Extra-textual items(背景知识),The first is the removal from the curriculum of the thorough teaching of English _.Pupils now do not know a verb from a noun,the subject of a sentence from its object,or the difference between the past,present,or future.A.vocabulary B.culture C.grammar D.literature,空格的设计线索可来自：语言知识例上下文信息 例 文章的基调（连贯）信息的重复背景知识 例,利用词义设计空格（07）,Another important error is mixed-ability teaching,or teaching in ability group so _58_ that the most able pupils are _59_(held back)and are bored while the least able are lost and _60_(equally)bored.Strangely enough,few head teachers seem to be in favor of mixed-ability school football teams.58.A.wide(24)B.similar(41)C.separate(20)D.unique(15)（上 0.29 中 0.22 下 0.25）,Next,theres human interest.People are interested in other _1_-particularly in the rich,famous and powerful.Stories about the private lives of pop singers,actors,models,politicians,_2_,all appear regularly in certain newspapers.Finally,for many editors,_3_ is an important factor,too.They prefer stories about people,places and events which their readers know.Thats why the stories in Tokyos newspapers are often very different from the stories printed in Paris,Cairo,or New York.1.A.placesB.events C.storiesD.people 2.A.in additionB.in any case C.for exampleD.after all3.A.personalityB.similarity C.uniquenessD.familiarity Back,利用语言知识、上下文信息设置空格,4.编写注意点,短文的语言难度要与考生的水平一致，一般选用比阅读理解材料稍易些的短文较妥当 文章的首尾一、二句不留空格，至少应该保证第一句句子的完整，以帮助学生进入文章内容、了解作者的写作风格，便于后面的填空。文章中的人名、地名等专有名词，以及日期、数字等不能作为空格。因为这类信息如果只在文章中出现一次的话，学生无法根据语言线索，或其他线索填出这些空格。空格之间的间隔不能太近（少于3格），更不能连续留空。如果“完形填空”用于测试学生的阅读理解能力和总体语言水平，语篇中的空格应以inter-sentential items为主。例,Sleep is something we generally associate with _1_ creatures.Of course,it is true that a lot of animals sleep,but zoologists are not certain that primitive forms of animal _2_ like worms and snails,ever really _3_._4_ the other hand,animals such as bears sleep for 4 or 5 months every year.1.A.live B.living C.lively D.alive2.A.life B.lives C.lifes D.living3.A.sleep B.sleeps C.sleeping D.slept4.A.On B.InC.At D.To,Sleep is something we generally associate with living creatures.Of course,it is _1_ that a lot of animals sleep,but zoologists are not certain that primitive forms of animal life _2_ worms and snails,ever really sleep._3_,animals such as bears sleep for 4 or 5 months every year.1.A.unbelievable B.true C.amazing D.nice2.A.like B.as C.except D.but3.A.On the other handB.By the way D.Last but not least C.Above all Back,5.难度控制,语篇的难度 例文章的体裁 science narration空格的密度 同一句中，空格越多越难；每7个字以上留一个空格，空格多寡与难度关系不大空格类型MC rational fixedintra-sentential item inter-sentential item extra-textual items,V.阅读理解,1.考核目标理解文章的具体信息理解指代关系猜测词义 概括文章主题推理、预测能力2.语篇难度的控制3.各语篇的考核侧重点,4.问题编写要义,（1）选择题措辞举例What is the main idea of the passage?What does the passage mainly discuss?Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?The word“”most probably means _.The word“”could best be replaced by _.The word“it”in line.refers to _.It can be inferred from the passage that _.What will the paragraph following the passage most probably discuss?,（2）试题编写的注意点,题目呈现的顺序应与语篇的内容顺序一致。阅读理解题的答案应包含在语篇内，而不能不看语篇依靠常识答对题目。例题目的难度应和语篇的难度保持一致。试题的措辞不能照搬原文。试题的分布应相对均匀。例每篇语篇中的生词一般不超过4个。采用多种形式进行测试 例,We may infer from this paragraph that people _.,A.all need the same kind of restB.do not usually need restC.rest much more than they shouldD.do not all rest in the same way Back,4.新题型的编写要点,难度的选择考核目标答题要求（字数限制）评分方法,