《英语语法讲义》PPT课件.ppt

Tense,英语共有16种时态，在语法测试中，时态是一个常测项目，也是一个必测项目。测试重点有：现在完成时，现在进行时，现在完成进行时，将来完成时，过去完成时，过去进行时，一般将来时。利用时间状语的信息提示时态与时间状语之间存在一定的呼应关系。时间状语可以决定时态。时间状语常出现在句首或句尾，有时也出现在谓语动词前后。标志完成时态的时间状语Ever since,since,since then,by then,by now,by the end of,by the time when,before,for,so far,up till now,for,in the past few days,in the past/last few years标志进行时态的时间状语Now,right now,at the moment,this time tomorrow 标志将来时态的时间状语Tomorrow,tomorrow morning,soon,next,in two days,in the year 2050,in 10 years time,some day in the future,TRUE OR FALSE,Id say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you,anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.,时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时，同样不用于完成进行时：(1)表示感知的动词：hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell；(2)表示意愿、情感的动词：desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear,love,hate；(3)表示思考、看法的动词：believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose；(4)表示所有、占有的动词：belong to,owe,own,possess,hold(容纳),there be；,(5)其他动词：cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seem。如：(belong表示归属，不用于进行式)(see表示结果，不用于进行式),2.不用will/shall表达将来时的形式：（1）be going to+不定式表示意图：Im going to drop in on my old friend.表示有迹象将发生某种情况：Look at the dark clouds-there is going to be a storm.表示按计划、安排要发生的事情：What is he going to play next?be going to与will的异同点两者都能表示意图：I am going to/will tell you about it.事先未经考虑的某种意愿，用will，不用be going to：This is a terribly heavy box.Ill help you to carry it.be going to可用于条件从句表示将来，will则不能：If you are going to make a journey,youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果will表示意愿，则可用于条件句：If you will(理解成情态动词)take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.,（2）be to 表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如：We are to discuss the report next Monday.be to和be going to时常可以互换，但be to多用来表示客观上的安排，而be going to侧重说明主观上的打算。而be going to其它一些用法不能用be to代替:It is to rain.(wrong)It is going to rain.(right),（3）be about to 表示将要，相当于be just going to，如：Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders.另外相似的表达有be on the point/verge of 表示“马上就要”，都一般不与表示确切将来的时间状语连用；（4）be，begin，come，depart，get off，go，leave，return，start的一般进行时表示意图、安排，可代替将来时。瞬间动词的现在进行表将来。Im leaving tomorrow.,3.一般现在时代替将来时(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：Ill tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)当Ill tell him when you will ring again.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)的时间(2)在make sure,make certain,see(to it)后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.(include 不能用will include或其他形式),4.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：(1)by/between/up to/till+过去时间、since、by the time/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况)(2)by+将来时间、by the time/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：By the time you arrive in London,we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.,(3)by now、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,但在it is+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：I have lived here since I was born.It is four years since John left school.(4)在It is the+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.(5)在no soonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用过去完成时：No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.,4.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages,but nothing has happened.The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for.,时态、语态答题思路：(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。,Infinitive,1.不定式做主语To be here is a great pleasure.It is a great pleasure to be here.引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,Its not easy for me to take care of so many children.下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：Its clever of you to have invented such a device.(absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong).,2.不定式做宾语要求接不定式的动词：afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,venture。如：Even though the children pretended to be asleep,the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.注意一个例外help：They help(to)sweep the floor of the waiting room.许多动词可以接带疑问副词的不定式：I dont know what to do next.whether不可用if代替，why不能用在这个结构中I dont know why to do it.(wrong)I dont know why I should do it.,3.不定式做宾语补语（1）see,notice,observe,hear,feel,watch等感官动词Did you notice anyone take my book away?上述动作后作宾补的不定式不带to，而且表示动作整个过程已经完成。但转成被动语态时，作为主语补语的不定式必须带toThe man was observed to open the window.(2)let,make,have使役动词不带to：have无被动语态，let很少用被动语态，make如用于被动，作为主语补语的不定式必须带to：I was made to laugh by you.(3)think,consider,suppose,feel,believe,imagine,prove,find等动词的宾语后面可以带to be结构，也可以省略：I think/consider him(to be)a wise leader.(4)call on,ask for,wait for,depend on,prepare for等成语后面要求用带to的不定式做宾补：Many of these songs called on the workers to take up the struggle.,4.不定式做定语(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,not a,the,very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：tendency to dotend to do,decision to dodecide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：ambition to do“干的雄心”be ambitious to do“有雄心干”curiosity to do“对的好奇心”be curious to do“对好奇”ability to do“做的能力”able to do“有能力做”According to Darwin,random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.,(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词常用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动)，effort等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：Though we have made great progress,there is still much to be improved.,4.不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。(1)in order to(do),so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as to不能置于句首。如：(2)soas to,suchas to,enoughto,tooto结构做程度状语。如：The solution works only for couples who are self-employed,dont have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。常见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,be told,form,give,make,produce等。如：Greatly agitated,I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,only to find it locked.(4)not/never too to,too not to,but/only tooto,too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。如：I am only too pleased to hear from you further.能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。,Gerund,1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall，recollect，risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.,2.动名词做介词短语考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：object to,resort to,react to,contribute to,look forward to,be accustomed to,be committed to,be exposed to,be subjected to,be devoted to,be dedicated to,be opposed to,be reconciled to,be contrary to,be(get)used to,come close to,get down to,give oneself up to,preferto,see to,set to,take to,in addition to,with regard to,with a view to,on the way to。如：There was no sign that Mr.Jospin,who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it,would intervene personally.Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time.As the children become financially independent of the family,the emphasis on family financial security will shift from protection to saving for the retirement years.,Participle,分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚：现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。,1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：Its easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place.)There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave.)How many of us attending,say,a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?(相当于How many of us who will attend.),(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：Good news was sometimes released prematurely,with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.(相当于recapture of the port which had been announced)Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system,so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.(相当于each new phone which is added to)The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.(相当于description which was based on)(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义（充当形容词作用）deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newly arrived,recently come。如：an escaped prisoner一个逃犯 a retired worker一位退休工人a faded curtain一个褪了色的窗帘 a newly arrived student一个新来的学生,2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：Having completed one task,we started on another one.(complete先于start之前发生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,considered insufficiently popular with all members.There seemed little hope that the explorer,having been deserted in the tropical forest,would find his way through it.(3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction,completely lostto the outside world.,(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down,being in a mess.(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports,each making one major point in contrast with the other.Ford tried dividing the labor,each worker assigned a separate task.3.分词的独立主格结构分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm,we decided to take the train.Darkness setting in,the young couple lingered on merrymaking.,非谓语动词的其他考点,1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法mean to do想要(做某事)propose to do 打算(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事)propose doing建议(做某事)forget to do忘记(要做的事)remember to do记得(要做某事)forget doing忘记(已做的事)remember doing记得(已做过的事)go on to do继而(做另一件事)stop to do停下来去做另一件事go on doing继续(做原来的事)stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔,2.不定式的习惯用法句型：cannot help but docannot but docannot choose but do can do nothing but dohave no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如：Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.When I consider how talented he is as a painter,I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.,3.动名词的习惯用法句型：be busy/active doing sth.have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.Its no good/use/picnic愉快的时间 doing sth.have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.spend/waste time doing sth.There is no point/sense/harm/use doing sth.cannot help doing sth.There is no doing sth.I know it isnt important but I cant help thinking about it.Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.There is no use crying over spilt milk.,4.there be 非谓语动词的用法(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there being。如：For there to be successful communication,there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.(for there to be在句中做目的状语)It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight,so I can leave Jims car out quite safely.(for there to be在句中做程度状语)There being no further questions,well stop here today.(there being做原因状语)(3)引导主语用for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如：He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.,There与be中间可插入一些表推测的情态动词、表时态的短语和一些动词短语(如和将来时be going to will、现在完成时 havehas+pp.、used to结构等连用，注意其构成形式,这一内容在我们日常练习中经常出现错误,是一难点,也是历年中考试题中的一个考点.)。例如：There must be a pen in the box.There happened to be some money in my pocket.There is going to be a meeting tonight.There has been a big tree on the top of the hill.There used to be a church across from the bank.,There have been many people missing.很多人都已经不见了。There has been much money missing.很多钱都不见了。there be 的反义疑问句用 相应的谓语动词+there,Subjunctive mood,1.主从句谓语动词的时态(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:E.g.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened,should there be a sudden loud noise.,(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)Had Paul received six more votes in the last election,he would be our chairman now.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)(3)识别事实和假设混合句：Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible,but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实),2.名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如：In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.,(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。如：The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.,(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,