《英语词性讲解》PPT课件.ppt

词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。,1 名词 noun 2 代词 pronoun 3 形容词 adjective 4 副词 adverb 5 动词 verb 6 数词 numeral 7 冠词 article 8 介词 preposition 9 连词 conjunction 10 感叹词 interjection,student Youhappy quickly cut three a at and oh,实词,虚词,名词NOUN,概念：是表示人，事物，抽象概念等名称的词。根据词汇意义，名词可划分为：专有名词和普通名词,专有名词：指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。具体说来它包括人名、国家、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。Tony 托尼 Japan 日本 Mr.Black 布莱克先生 August 八月 Monday 星期一 the Great Wall 长城 Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语 A Tale of Two Cities 双城记,普通名词：表示一类人、东西、抽象概念的名词。例如：表一类人：pupil,police,woman,boy，father;表物：box,tree,orange,water,computer；表抽象：happiness,trouble,pleasure,love,life,etc.,普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。(1)个体名词。如：cup,desk,student等。一般可数，有单复数形式。(2)集体名词。如：class,team,family等。一般可数，有单复数形式(3)物质名词。如：rice,water,cotton等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。(4)抽象名词。如：love,work,life等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。,英语可数名词单复数,规则变化：一般情况词尾加s。如：map maps,boy boys,horse horses,table tables.（在清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音和元音后读/z/）s,x,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：class classes,box boxes,dish dishes,match matches.读/iz/,规则变化：以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：family families,city cities,baby babies.以元音字母+y结尾的名词，直接词尾加s。如：toy toys,holiday holidays以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelf shelves,wolf wolves,life lives,knife knives,wife wives,leaf leaves,thief thieves.,例外：roof roofs,规则变化：以辅音字母+o结尾的名词,词尾加es；如:tomato tomatoes potato potatoes hero heroes 以元音字母+o结尾的名词，直接词尾加s。如:piano pianos photo photos radio radios zoo zoos,不规则变化：有些名词有不规则的复数形式。例如：child-children mouse-mice man men woman women 妇女 tooth teeth foot feet 有些名词的单复数形式相同。例如；deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,people,yuan 但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式，a dollar,two dollars,注意：一些以man，woman结尾的合成词，在构成复数时，与man，woman的变化形式相同。如：policeman policemen,Englishman Englishmen,Frenchman Frenchmen.,中日瑞士不变 英法变 其余s加后面,英语不可数名词,不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice two bags of rice,a piece of paper three pieces of paper,a bottle of milk five bottles of milk.,名词的所有格,1.不以s结尾的名词所有格：the boys bag,mens room 2.以-s结尾的名词所有格：Teachers Day3.职业名词、称呼名词的所有格表地点 the barbers,Mr Greens,the doctors（office），my uncles（house）4.并列名词不共有:Johns and Marys rooms（两间）并列名词共有:John and Marys room5.时间、距离、地点 five minutes walk；ten meters long；the worlds population,6.抽象名词后用“of+宾格”作定语；the music of the film；the help of him(Lucy)；the development of China；the door of the house7.多重所有格突出局部 a friend of Lucys mothers；two classmates of my sisters 8.“of+宾格”与“of+所有格”含意不同:the photo of my father 我爸爸的肖像 the photo of mine我（所有的）照片,1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are_.Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2.How far is your school from here？Not very farIts about twenty walk.（2000杭州）Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes 3.There are three in my family.(2004长春）A.people B.person C.child 4.Most students can go to college for further in our city.A.education B.information C.science 5.This is bedroom.The twin sister like it very much.A.Ann and Jane B.Ann and Janes C.Anns and Janes,典型例题解析,C,C,A,A,B,NOUN.,C,C,A,A,C,C,A,B,A,C,C,A,根据所给单词的正确形式填空：1.Different people may have different _.(idea)2.I often go to work on.(foot)3.I know one of the.(boy)4.Mr.Brown is wearing a pair of.(glass)5.Please give them their.(photo)6.Are there any in the box?(watch)7.There are twelve in a year.(month)8.Would you like some?(tomato)9.Look at those in the boats!(people)10.Look!The are singing.(woman)11.September 10th is Day.(teacher)12.Jim has some.(knife)13.How much are these?(vegetable)14.My school is twenty _ walk from here.(minute)15.The girl under the tree is a friend of_.(Lucy),ideas,foot,boys,glasses,photos,watches,months,tomatoes,people,women,Teachers,knives,vegetables,minutes,Lucys,NOUN.,ideas,foot,boys,ideas,foot,根据所给单词的正确形式填空：1.Different people may have different _.(idea)2.I often go to work on.(foot)3.I know one of the.(boy)4.Mr.Brown is wearing a pair of.(glass)5.Please give them their.(photo)6.Are there any in the box?(watch)7.There are twelve in a year.(month)8.Would you like some?(tomato)9.Look at those in the boats!(people)10.Look!The are singing.(woman)11.September 10th is Day.(teacher)12.Jim has some.(knife)13.How much are these?(vegetable)14.My school is twenty _ walk from here.(minute)15.The girl under the tree is a friend of_.(Lucy),boys,ideas,foot,根据所给单词的正确形式填空：1.Different people may have different _.(idea)2.I often go to work on.(foot)3.I know one of the.(boy)4.Mr.Brown is wearing a pair of.(glass)5.Please give them their.(photo)6.Are there any in the box?(watch)7.There are twelve in a year.(month)8.Would you like some?(tomato)9.Look at those in the boats!(people)10.Look!The are singing.(woman)11.September 10th is Day.(teacher)12.Jim has some.(knife)13.How much are these?(vegetable)14.My school is twenty _ walk from here.(minute)15.The girl under the tree is a friend of_.(Lucy),boys,ideas,foot,根据所给单词的正确形式填空：1.Different people may have different _.(idea)2.I often go to work on.(foot)3.I know one of the.(boy)4.Mr.Brown is wearing a pair of.(glass)5.Please give them their.(photo)6.Are there any in the box?(watch)7.There are twelve in a year.(month)8.Would you like some?(tomato)9.Look at those in the boats!(people)10.Look!The are singing.(woman)11.September 10th is Day.(teacher)12.Jim has some.(knife)13.How much are these?(vegetable)14.My school is twenty _ walk from here.(minute)15.The girl under the tree is a friend of_.(Lucy),boys,ideas,foot,代词,代词的考点,人称代词 物主代词反身代词,指示代词,不定代词,主格：用作句子的主语，放在动词前（疑问句式放在特殊动词后）；eg.She lives in Toronto,Canada.Does he speak English?宾格：用作句子的宾语，放在动词或介词后；eg.Yesterday my mother bought me a new bike.I usually go to movies with her on weekends.形容词性物主代词：用作句子的定语，之后必须带名词；eg.This is my book.Thats his book.名词性物主代词：相当于一个名词词组，之后不能带名词（其代换的名词需在前文中出现）；eg.His book is much newer than mine(=my book).反身代词：一般放在动词后，要求同主语人称一致。eg.She teaches herself English.,基本形式,人称代词在并列使用时的顺序应是：单数形式：（二、三、一）you/he/I复数形式：（一、二、三）we/you/theyeg.You,he and I are good friends.These books are for you and me.We,you and they are all fans of Jay Chous例如：Miss Li invited _ have dinner with her.A.me and you B.you and I C.you and me2、在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后多用宾格.例如：I like English._ too.A.I B.He C.Me Who broke the window?Not _.A.I B.he C.her,注意：,3.名词性物主代词作主语时，主谓一致关系：名词性物主代词作主语时，其后的谓语动词形式应同它所代换的名词形式保持一致。eg.My shoes are cheap.But his _ expensive.A.isB.areC.beD.am4.反身代词的正确写法（单复数的判断）：在使用反身代词时，应注意根据句中的某些词语推断其单复数形式，并注意写法。eg.Please help _ to some cakes,children.A.youB.yourselfC.yourselvesD.your,答案为B。因为此时的his代换了his shoes，其代换的名词为复数，be用are。答案为C。因为“help yourself to some”是一个固定句式（意为“请随便吃点”），我们可根据children认定对象为复数。,4.she可以用来代表国家、船只或车辆、大地、月亮等*We love our motherland,we hope shell be stronger and bigger.我们热爱我们的祖国,我们希望她更强大。*The ship is leaving.Shes on her first trip to England.轮船要起航了。这是她第一次去英国。,5.it作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等*What the weather like today?Its windy.今天的天气怎么样？-有风。*Its about five minutes walk from home to school.从家到学校的路程大约5分钟。,6.it可作为形式主语、将不定式、动名词等构成的主语后移，使句子显得平稳*Its hard to reach the apples.很难够到苹果。*Its good for you taking a walk after supper.对你来说饭后散步是有好处的。7.当不知性别时，也用it指人Eg:Who is it?It is very cute.,二：物主代词,1.形容词性物主代词在句子中做定语修饰名词，一般不单独使用。在句中只能作定语*My brother is a worker.我弟弟是个工人。*His parents are very friendly.他的父母非常友善。,2.名词性物主代词常用来避免与前面提及的名词重复，相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”。eg:This is my dictionary.Where is yours?名词性物主代词在句中可作主语、表语和宾语*Whose book is this?Its mine.这书是谁的？-我的。*Our room is big and theirs is small.我们的房间大，他们的房间小。*You may use my pen.Ill use hers.你可以用我的笔，我用他的好了。,3.形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的关系：形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词*These books arent ours.Ours are new.(our books=ours)*This is not our room.Ours is over there.(our room=ours),反身代词常见固定搭配 过得愉快 自学 请随便吃 自言自语 独自 为自己 不要客气 陶醉沉浸于 自己穿衣服 照顾自己,enjoy oneself teach/learn oneself sth.help oneself to sth.say to oneself by oneself for oneself make oneself at home lose oneself in dress oneself look after oneself,人称代词填空 四步推断法:,第一步：看其后是否有名词，如有则用形容词性物主代词，如无则考 虑其余形式；,eg.Where does _ friend come from?A.you B.your C.yourselfD.yours,答案为B。因为它后面带有名词friend。,第二步：看其是否代换了名词词组，如是则用名词性物主代词，如不是则考虑其余三个；,eg.This isnt my pen._ is in my pencil case.A.I B.Me C.My D.Mine,答案为D。因为在此它代换了my pen。,人称代词填空 四步推断法:,第三步：看其是否在动词前，如在动词前，则用主格，如在动词后，则考虑剩下的两个；,ee.Nancy is mach fatter than _ am.A.I B.me C.my D.myself,答案为A。因为它位于动词am前作主语。,第四步：如在动词后，应考虑其是否同主语人称一致，如一致则用反身代词，如不一致则用宾格。,eg.Nobody teaches _ English.She teaches _.A.her;her B.herself;herselfC.her;herselfD.herself;her,答案为C。因为它们都位于动词teaches后作宾语；其中第一空同主语人称不一致，使用宾格，第二空同主语人称一致，使用反身代词。,指示代词,The weather in China is quite different from that in USA.,指示代词,The population of Shanghai is larger than _ of Jinan.A.that B.this C.it The radios made in Beijing are as good as _ made in Qingdao.A.that B.these C.those,不定代词,指用于代换上文中可数名词的all,both,each,either,none,neither(every)等表不定概念的词语。,如说明“两者”，选用both、either、each或neither。如说明“两者以上”，选用all、（every）、each或none。,eg.The twin sisters are both good at math.None of the students in our class wants to go there.Every boy in our class is going swimming this afternoon.,不定代词作主语时，谓语动词单复数情况：both和all作主语时，看作复数；either、each、neither单独作主语时或同of一起构成词组作主语时（如of后带人称代词），看作单数。,either neither both,Either Tom or the twins _ the way to the shop.A.know B.knows C.finds Neither you nor I _ a scientist.A.is B.are C.am Both Tom and Mary _ hard.A.studies B.study C.studying,归纳总结1.all表示对三者或三者以上事物的全部肯定，在 句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语或同位语。2.both表示对两者的肯定，可作主语、宾语、定 语或同位语。3.none可作主语、宾语、表语或同位语，但不能 作定语。作主语、同位语时通常放在行为动词 的前面，be动词、助动词或情态动词之后。4.either表示两者中的任何一个，强调个体，可 作主语、宾语或定语。5.neither的意义与both正好相反，指两个中的任 何一个都不，其用法类似于either,但neither 还可作副词，用于否定句中，意为“也不”。6.any表示多者中的任何一个。,复合不定代词,指由some;any;no;every和body;thing;one构成的合成词,考点：1.主谓一致性关系：复合不定代词任何时候都看为单数，作主语时，谓语动词使用三人称单数形式。2.定语后置关系：对复合不定代词进行修饰的词语必须后置放在它的后面。,Everybody in our class is interested in English.,I have something important to tell you.,复合不定代词,3.none和其它复合不定代词的用法区别：none在句中不能单独作主语，但可同of连用带名词一起作主语；其它复合不定代词可单独作主语，但不能同of连用。错：He is new here,so none knows him.对：He is new here,so no one knows him.错：Nobody of them has been to England before.对：None of them has been to England before.,none no one,How many people are there in the room?_.A.None B.No one C.Lucy Who is in the room?_.A.None B.No one C.one None of them _ China.A.come from B.is from C.is come from,other 的用法,other：形容词，其后可带复数名词，意为“（另外的）一些”，表示泛指。the other：限定词，其后可带名词；指代单数可数名词时，表示两者中的“另一个”。others：代词，其后不能带名词，表示复数意义，相当于“other+可数名词复数”，泛指。Some others 一些 另一些the others：代词，其后不能带名词，相当于“the other+可数名词复数”，特指。another：限定词，其后带单数可数名词；代词，代换上文中提及的可数名词（单数，泛指）。,He has two pens.One is red;the other is black.他有两支钢笔，一支是红的，另一支是黑的。Marys here.Where are all the others?玛丽在这里，其余的所有人都到哪里去了？,【点金】以上代词常用于固定搭配中。(1)one.the other.一个，另一个(2)one.another.a third.一个，另 一个，第三个，用于表示三个不同的人或 物，含义是指同类事物。(3)“any other+可数名词单数”表示“（一定 范围内）其他任何一个”。,practice,Tom and Mary have arrived,but _ in your class arent here yet.A.the others B.others C.the other This pair of trousers is too short.Would you please show me _ one.A.other B.others C.anotherI have two brothers._ is a doctor,_ is a soldier.A.One,the other B.One,other C.The one,the otherSome of the students are playing on the playground.But wherere _?A.the other B.others C.the others,1.Good morning,Mr Brown.Would you please tell me the result of the exam?OK.You did quite well.Youve made _ mistakes.A.few B.a few C.little D.a little 2.My cousin is very busy with his work.He has _ time to read newspapers.A.little B.few C.a little D.a few 3.Could I have a talk with you,Bruce?Sure.But only _ time.A.a little B.a few C.little D.few,few/a few&little/a little,数词 Numeral,概念：数词就是表示事物的数量和顺序的词，分基数词和序数词两种。表示数目或数量多少的词叫基数词，如：one，ten,fifteen 等；表示数目顺序的词叫序数词，如：fifth,second,twelfth等。,一.基数词 基数词的用法：（1）几十几的基数词的十位数与个位数之间要用连字符“-”连接。如：eighty-five85 twenty-six26（2）三位数的基数词须在百位和十位（若无十位则和个位）之间用and连接。如：threehundredandsixty-five365 twohundredandsix206,（3）基数词的复数形式。表示具体数目,hundred,thousand,million不用复数 表示不确定数目,用复数。即hundreds of(数百),thousands of(数千),millions of(数百万)+名词复数,可以用many/several修饰，但不能与具体数目连用。1)Our country has a population of 1,300 million people.2)There are three thousand students in our school.3)After the war,thousands of people became homeless.4)Several/Many thousands of trees must be planted every year.,（4）“几十”的复数形式可以表示：几十多岁-in+ones+数词复数 年 代-in+the+数词复数 inthe1990s20世纪90年代 inonestwenties 在某人20多岁时 eg.He died in his forties四十多岁 In the nineties,most people go to work by bike.90年代,（5）“基数词+名词”的合成形容词作定语，中间有连字符“”,当中的名词用单数。a 3 year old girl a seven-day holiday,（6）表计量-“基数词+度量单位+形容词”eg.The classroom is 7 meters long,6 meters wide and 3 meters high.,序数词的用法:(1)序数词作定语，前面要加the；The first truck is carrying a food basket John lives on the fifteenth floor She is my first English teacher.(2)有时加a/an，“再一”，“又一”的意思;Well have to do it a second time Shall I ask him a third time？When I sat down，a fourth man rose to speakThey had a second child in 1988.,二.序数词,编号在前，名词在后，用序数词，前面有the编号在后，名词在前，用基数词，注意首字母大写房间号码和电话号码要一个一个分别读,第一课第32页第305房间第12路公共汽车,the First Lesson Lesson One,the thirty-second page Page Thirty-two,Room 305,Bus No.12,1、编号表示法,2.分数表示法,分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母加-s。,1/4 one-fourth a(one)quarter3/4 three-fourths three quarters 2/3 two-thirds 1/2 a(one)half 半年 half a year 半小时 half an hour一年半 one and a half years one year and a half分数修饰名词时，后用of短语。如：1/3 one third of teachers 3/7 three sevenths of the boys,3.年份、日期、时刻表达法,年用基数词表示,两位一读,介词用in日用序数词表示,介词用on,1999 nineteen ninety-nine two thousand and eight1949年10月1日 读作:October(the)first,nineteen forty-nine(月-日，年)the first of October,nineteen forty-nine（日-月，年）写作:October 1st,1999(日用缩写，月-日-年)October 1,1999(日用数字)1st October,1999 日-月，年,How many people will come to Beijing next year?Its hard to say,_ people,I think.million of B.millions ofC.three millions D.three millions ofAbout _ students in our class can describe that place in English.A.three-fifths B.three-fifth C.third-five D.third-fifths,B,A,Which of the following is wrong?_.A.He is a fifteen-year-old boy.B.He is at the age of 15.C.He is a boy of 15.D.He is fifteen year old.There was no bus in that small town.We had a _.A.ten miles walk B.ten-mile walk C.ten miles walk D.tenth mile walk,D,B,We have known each other for _.A.a year and half B.a year with half C.a year and a half D.a year with a half“Whats the date today?”“Its _.”A.the fourth of may B.the fourth May C.May four D.May the fourth,C,D,冠词 Article,概念：冠词是经常加在名词前面的一个辅助词，限制名词的意义。冠词在句子中不能单独作一个成分，是虚词。冠词的范围：a、an、the,不定冠词a、an1、泛指某一类人或事物中的一个或一类。eg:An elephant is much heavier than a horse.His father is a taxi driver.2、用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。eg:I have read the books twice,but I want to read a third time.3,a用在辅音音素开头的单数可数名词或字母前，an 用在元音音素开头的单数可数名词或字母前。,ExerciseI have _ apple.He has _orange.This is _ egg.Jim is _ honest boy and he is _ university student.4.Do you have _ computer?5.There is _ car in front of the house.English is _ useful language.He is _ unhappy boy.My father will come back in _ hour.There is _ beautiful flower.There is _“u”and _“s”in the word“use”Please take _ seat and have _ rest,an an,an,an a,a,a,a,an,an,a,a an a a,4.第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。eg：There is a book on the desk,but the book isnt mine.5.用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，有“每一”的意思，相当于every。eg：three times a week;half an hour 6.某些固定短语与不定冠词有搭配关系。eg：have a good time;a few;get a cold;pay a visit;take a seat;make a living,定冠词 the的用法 1.定冠词the,用来特指某人或某物，双方都知道的人或物的名词前，或用于第二次提到的某人或某物。Is this the book that you are looking for?2.表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前 The sun is bi