《动词时态语态》PPT课件.ppt

,动词的时态和语态,疑难点击常用时态的构成一般现在时和现在进行时的用法比较一般过去时和过去进行时的用法比较一般过去时、现在完成时和现在完成进行时用法比较一般过去时和过去完成时的用法比较过去完成时、过去将来时和将来完成时的用法比较动词时态的特殊场合、将来时的不同表达方式、“get+p.p.”结构用法、被动语态的正确使用、被动语态的构成、被动语态应注意问题、情态动词的用法,十六种时态,一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时一般将来时 将来进行时 将来完成时 将来完成进行时,一般过去将来时,过去将来进行时,过去将来完成时,过去将来完成进行时,十六种时态,（1）一般现在时：由动词的原形构成，如果主语是第三人称单数，则在动词原形后加-s或-es。He goes to school every day.,（2）一般过去时：由动词的过去式构成。规则动词的过去式是在动词原形后加-ed或-d。He went to school late yesterday.,（3）一般将来时：由助动词shall或will+动词原形构成。第一人称I，we用shall或will，其余人称都用will。He will go to Beijing to continue his study.,（4）一般过去将来时：由should或would+动词原形构成。第一人称I，we用should或would,其余人称都用would。She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day.,十六种时态,（5）现在进行时：由助动词be(is,am,are)+现在分词构成。is用于第三人称单数，am用于第一人称单数，are用于其他各种人称的复数。Someone is asking for you on the phone.（6）过去进行时：由be(was,were)+现在分词构成。was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他各种人称。At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics labatory.（7）将来进行时：由shall或will be+现在分词构成。第一人称用shall(will)be，其余人称都用will be。表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.,十六种时态,（8）现在完成时：由助动词have(has)+过去分词构成。has用于第三人称单数，have用于其他各种人称。Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years.（9）现在完成进行时：由have(has)been+现在分词构成，has用于第三人称单数，have用于其他各种人称 Ive been waiting for you for the whole morning.（10）过去完成时：由助动词had+过去分词构成。He had not learned any English before he came to the university.（11）将来完成时：由shall/will have+过去分词构成。第一人称用shall(will)be，其余人称都用will be。After we finish this text,well have learned twenty texts.（12）过去完成进行时：have(has)been+现在分词构成。It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.,一般现在时用来说明客观事实或情况及强调动作的永恒性或反复性；而现在进行时表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作，含有暂时性和未完成性。特别提示：不能用于进行时的动词：感官类：see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,seem,appear等,感觉/情绪类：hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive等 存在类：be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(获得、存在)等 占有从属类：have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of/from等 认知类：understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember等 e.g.Tom often goes to school by bike.汤姆经常骑自行车去上学。We eat more meat now than we used to.我们现在比过去吃的肉多。,一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，往往侧重动作已完成；而过去进行时则表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作，强调动作的持续过程，该动作往往未完成。例：He graduated from No.2 Middle School in 1980.他于1980年毕业于第二中学。I was having breakfast at 7:30 this morning.我今天早上7：30正在吃早饭。,一般过去时只单纯表示在过去的动作或状态，可和表示确切过去时间的状语连用；而现在完成时表示过去某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，不能和表示确切过去时间的状语连用；现在完成进行时表示动作在过去一直延续到现在的可能刚停止，可能仍继续进行下去的动作或不久前刚结束的动作。例：I read a book yesterday.我昨天读了一本书。I have read newspaper for five years.我已经读了五年报纸了。Tom has been working hard since the new term begin.自从这一学期以来汤姆学习很努力。,一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，往往侧重动作已完成；过去完成时表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续或延续到过去的另外一时间的动作或状态，或在过去某一时间以前结束的动作。例：I saw him just now.我刚才看到了他。When they got to the station,the train had already left.当我们到达车站时，火车已经开走了。,过去完成时表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续或延续到过去的另外一时间的动作或状态，或在过去某一时间以前结束的动作；过去将来时表示立足于过去某时，从过去的观点看未来将要发生的动作或过去习惯性动作；将来完成时表示延续到将来某一时间的动作或状态，或在将来某时间以前已经结束但其影响却延续到那一时间的动作或状态。例：By the end of last October they had finished their plan.到去年10月份他们就已经完成了他们的计划。She was thirty-eight then.In two years she would be forty.她那时38岁，再有2年就40岁了。The problem will have been solved by the time he comes back.到他回来时这个问题就被解决了。,get可用作系动词，和过去分词连用构成被动语态，多用于口语。且其后不用“by+执行者”，本结构主要用来表示状态或结果，常见的场合有：（1）突然、偶然、意外发生的事。例：The student got hurt on his way home from school.这名学生在放学回家的路上受了伤。（2）表示反身行为而非被动行为。例：I have to get dressed before 8clock.8点前我必须穿戴好。（3）表示说话者强调的动作。例：Bassanio and Portia arranged to get married.巴萨尼奥和鲍西娅准备要结婚。,(1)既定的时间如生日、日历、课时安排、交通时刻表等，通常用一般现在时表将来动作。e.g.The train goes at 7:00.Please wait at the train station.,(2)在wish,would rather的宾语从句中，在as if 引导的状语从句中，以及在It is time that 的定语从句中，谓语动词用一般过去时说明现在的事情，用过去完成时说明过去的事情。(虚拟语气)e.g.I wish I could fly in the sky.I would rather you had known the news at that time.,(3)在含有hardly/scarcely when,no sooner than(一就)结构的句子中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。若Hardly,Scarcely,No sooner等置于句首，主句应用倒装语e.g.No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest.,(1)shall/will+动词原形：各种人称皆可使用will。Shall 用于第一人称(2)be going to+动词原形：以人作主语表打算（干某事）；物用主语指目前迹象表明将来发生某事。(3)be to+动词原形/be about to do sth.不和时间状语连用。表示按计划、安排将要做某事。(4)某些动词的一般现在时表将来：be,begin,come,go,leave,stop,end,arrive,open,stay,return等。(5)某些动词的现在进行时表将来：arrive,come,go,get,have,leave,return,sleep,stay,travel,work,dine,play,wear等。,语态是动词的一种形式，表示句中主语和谓语之间的关系。英语动词有主动和被动两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。在一般情况下当我们不知道动作的执行者或没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁时，往往使用被动语态。例：Many Chinese can speak English.（主动语态）很多中国人能说英语。English is spoken by many Chinese.（被动语态）英语被很多中国人说。,（1）一般现在时：is/am/are+done（2）现在进行时：is/am/are+being+done（3）现在完成时：has/have+been+done（4）一般过去时：was/were+done（5）过去进行时：was/were+being+done（6）过去完成时：had+been+done（7）一般将来时：shall/will+be+done（8）将来完成时：shall/will+have+been+done（9）过去将来时：should/would+be+done,(5)表示运动变化的某些动词。常见动词有drive,change,move等。(6)表示“需要”意义的need,want,require及worth之后的动名词。(7)用来做定语和被修饰的名词有动宾关系，又和另一名词或代词有主谓关系的动词不定式。(8)用来做某些形容词状语，又和主语或宾语有动宾关系的动词不定式。,（1）被动语态的否定式是在第一助动词后加not构成，疑问式只需将第一个助动词提到主语前就行了。例：The film isnt being shown.这部电影没有被放映。By whom was the letter written?这封信是被谁写的？（2）短语动词作谓语只需将动词变成被动语态，其余的词不变。例：The poor is taken good care of by the government.穷人们被政府照顾的很好。（3）带情态动词的谓语，只变及物动词被动语态，情态动词不变。例：,Bad habits should be got rid of.坏习惯应该被革除。（4）带有be going to,be about to,be to,be bound to,have to,used to,ought to,happen to等谓语动词，要将to后面的动词变为被动语态。例：A new school is(going)to be built there.一所新的学校将被建在那儿。His book happened to be left in the classroom.他的书碰巧落在教室。（5）如果动词有两个宾语,则将其中一个作为主语（往往是指人的间接宾语),另一个宾语保留在原位置上。例：The student was given a dictionary.学生被给了一本字典。,（6）如动词带的是复合宾语，则将宾语作为主语，保留原来的宾补（在被动句中为主补）。例：He will not be allowed to do it again.他不会被允许再做那件事情。（7）如果主动句中宾语是从句，变为被动句时，常用形式主语“it”。例：They say he is leaving soon.他们说他即将离开。被动语态为：It is said he is leaving soon.据说他即将离开。（8）使役动词，如let,make 等后不加“to”的动词不定式变为被动结构时，动词前面要加“to”。The teacher made Tom do all the homework.Tom was made to do all the homework by the teacher.,情态动词的用法need&dare 既可作实义动词，又可作情态动词。作情态动词时，need表示“需要”或“必须”，只用于肯定句和疑问句中。Dare表示“敢于、胆敢”，除了习惯用语I dare say外，很少用于肯定句。e.g.1)He said to me,“I want to go to the grocery,but you _ with me.”A.need not to go B.need not go C.do not need go D.need go not 2)No one _ that to his face.A.dare to say B.dare say C.dares saying D.is daring say2.may 的用法 表示可能性、许可、愿望等 e.g.It may be true.You may not go now.May you live longer.may 用于疑问句时，通常表示“请求”、“许可”，表示“可能”时，might的可能性比may更小；表示“许可”时，might 的语气更委婉。,B,B,3.Can 表示能力；拥有某种职能、权力；允许，请求 e.g.He can speak English.The police can confiscate(没收、充公)the bikes.You can go now.can not help+动名词,can not help but+动词原形，意为“不禁”，“忍不住”,cannot/can never too(over,more)表示“无论如何也不过分”，”越越好”。e.g.You cannot be _ careful when you drive a car.A.very B.so C.too D.enough can do nothing but+动词原形，意为“只得”：She could do nothing but weep.cannot+动词原形+but to+动词原形，“只得”：She cannot sleep but to wait.can not but+to+动词原形：“不得不、不能不”e.g.He can not but to agree.I cannot but to admire him.,C,4.must 必须，（用于否定句表示禁止）不可以，不准许；一定要；一定。must 与have to 的用法区别：must 表示主观上认为必须做某事；而have to 强调因客观需要而不得不做某事。e.g.It was very kind of you to do the washing-up,but you _ it.A.mustnt have done B.wouldnt have done C.mightnt have done D.didnt have to do5.shall 用于第二、三人称时表示说话人的“命令”、“警告”、“允诺”、“威胁”等概念 e.g.You shall have the book as soon as I finish it.6.should 劝告，建议；可能性 You should listen to his doctors advice.7.will 意志，意愿，决心 Ill go and get my raincoat for you.8.would(will的过去式)表示过去时间的意志，愿望，决心；表示现在时间，无论表意志或向对方请求都比will婉转：e.g.He declared that he would do everything to help us.Would you mind helping with my packing?9.ought 有义务或必要做某事 e.g.You ought to follow his advice.,D,10.情态动词+have done must have done 表示对过去行为的非常肯定的推测，“一定已经”can/could not have done 表示对过去行为的否定推测，“不可能已经”could have done 表示过去可以完成，但事实上并没有实现的事情,“本应完成但未完成”may/might have done 表示对过去事情可能性的推测，也可表示对本来可能发生而实际并未发生的事情表示“感叹”或“遗憾”，并含有“劝告、责备”的语气。should/ought to have done 表示过去本应该做的事情由于某种原因内没有做。should not/oughtnt to have done 表示过去发生了不应该发生的事情。neednt have done 表示本来不必要做的事情已经做了。,e.g.1)You _ her in her office last Friday,shes been out of town for two weeks.A.neednt have seen B.must have seen C.might have seen D.cant have seen 2)The room is in a terrible mess,it _ cleaned.A.cant have been B.shouldt have been C.mustnt have been D.wouldnt have been 3)With all this work on hand,he _ to the cinema last night.A.mustnt go B.wouldnt go C.oughtnt to go D.shouldnt have gone 4)You _ all those calculations!We have a computer to do that sort of thing.A.neednt have done B.must not have done C.shouldnt have done D.can not have done,D,A,D,A,实战演练,实战演练实战一 实战二实战三 实战四实战五 实战六实战七 实战八实战九 实战十参考答案,1Have you decided already?Yes,I _ at home.A.decided B.decide C.have decided D.will decide2.Prices of food in that area _ sharply since word came that the war would break out soon.A.were cut down B.were rising C.have been brought down D.have been going up3.Hello,Jim.I _ to see you today.Sonia said you _ ill.Oh,Im OK.A.didnt expect;were B.dont expect;were C.havent expected;are D.are not expecting;are,4Ive bought a box of chocolates for our daughter.Oh,how good a dad!But she doesnt like sweet things._ already.A.Dont you know B.Havent you know C.Didnt you know D.Hadnt you know5.The new dictionaries are very useful.They _ well and _ already.A.sell;have been sold out B.sold;had sold out C.sell;sell out D.are sold;have been sold out6.Dont be worried.The doctor _.A.has sent for B.was sent for C.will send for D.has been sent for,7.Alice,why didnt you come yesterday?I _,but I had an unexpected visitor.A.had B.would C.was going to D.did8.Ive won a holiday for two weeks to Florida.I _ my mum.A.am taking B.have taken C.take D.will have taken9.She never goes home until she _ out all her newspapers.A.sells B.had sold C.will sell D.has sold,10.It was until then that I came to know that knowledge _ only from practice.A.has come B.comes C.come D.had come11.Can I join the club,Dad?You can when you _ a bit older.A.get B.will get C.are getting D.will have got 12.Im sorry to keep you waiting.Oh,not at all.I _ here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be,13.Do you like the material?Yes,it _ very soft.A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt14.I dont really work here.I _ until the new secretary arrivers.A.just help out B.have just helped out C.am just helping out D.will just help out 15.I need one more stamp before my collection _.A.has completed B.completes C.has been completed D.is completed,16.Your phone number again?I _ quite catch it.Its 9568442.A.didnt B.couldnt C.dont D.cant17._ the sports meet might be put off.Yes,it all depends on the weather.A.Ive been told B.Ive told C.Im told D.I told18.As she _ the newspapers,Granny _ asleep.A.read;was falling B.was reading;fell C.was reading;was falling D.read;fell,19.You dont need to describe her.I _ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet20.I dont think Jim saw me;he _ into space.A.just stared B.was just staring C.has just stared D.had just stared21.Have you moved into the new house?No yet,the rooms _.A.are being painted B.are painting C.are painted D.are being painting,22.We havent heard from Jane for a long time.What do you suppose _ to her?A.was happening B.do happen C.has happened D.having happened23.The volleyball match will be put off if it _.A.will rain B.rains C.rained D.is raining24.Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A.made B.is making C.was making D.makes,25.We could have walked to the station.It was so near.Yes,A taxi _ at all necessary.A.wasnt B.hadnt been C.wouldnt be D.wont be26.Bob,you _ to the phone._.A.are neednt;Im coming B.are wanted;Coming C.are called;Ill come D.are rung up;Thanks27.The train _ at 6:00 p.m,so I have to be at the station by 5:40 p.m.at the latest.A.has left B.is to leave C.leaves D.will have left,28.He entered the room,_,turned on his computer and began to deal with his business.A.sat down B.and sat down C.sitting down D.having sat down29.Can you follow your teacher?Yes,I _ I _ what he says.A.think;understand B.am thinking;have understanding C.am thinking;have understood D.thought;had understood30.Can I help you,sir?No,thank you.I_.A.have served B.am being served C.can serve D.was served,答案：1-5 ADACA 6-10 DCADB11-15 AACCD 16-20 AABBB21-25 ACBCA 26-30 BCAAB,