科技英语翻译课后练习答案.ppt

科技英语翻译,EST TRANSLATION,目录1,第3章 名词和冠词的翻译1、名词的译法2、冠词的译法3、总复习题第4章 代词的翻译1、代词的一般译法2、人称代词的译法3、形容词性物主代词的译法4、指示代词的译法5、不定代词的译法6、it及其句型的译法7、总复习题,第1章 概论1、翻译的标准2、对译者的要求3、科技英语文体的特点4、翻译的一般方法第2章 词的翻译1、词义的选择2、词义的引申3、词类的转换4、词的增译5、词的省译6、重复法,目录2,第7章 连词的翻译1、连词的一般译法2、常用并列连词的译法3、常用主从连接词的译法4、总复习题第8章 动词的翻译1、谓语动词的一般译法2、动词时态的译法3、非限定动词的译法4、情态动词的译法5、被动语态的译法6、总复习题,第5章 数词、形容词和副词的 翻译1、数词的译法2、形容词的译法3、副词的译法4、形容词和副词比较级的译法5、形容词和副词最高级的译法6、总复习题第6章 介词的翻译1、介词的一般译法2、介词短语的译法3、常用介词的译法4、总复习题,目录3,第11章 篇章的翻译1、总复习题,第9章 句子的翻译1、句子成分的译法2、否定句的译法3、总复习题第10章 长句的翻译1、并列句的译法2、名词性从句的译法3、定语从句的译法4、状语从句的译法5、复合长句的译法6、总复习题,1.1 翻译的标准,信达雅（严复）：忠实、通顺（普遍观点）科技翻译的标准：1）准确规范（第1节 翻译练习1）2）通顺易懂（第1节 翻译练习2）3）简洁明晰（第1节 翻译练习3）,第1节 翻译练习1,The power plant is the heart of a ship.The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.,动力装置是船舶的心脏。,驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。,第1节 翻译练习2,Semiconductor devices,called transistors,are replacing tubes in many applications.Cramped conditions means that passengers legs cannot move around freely.All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.,半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。,我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。,空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。,第1节 翻译练习3,The removal of minerals from water is called softening.A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts:blade and petiole.,去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。,双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。,1.2 对译者的要求,英语水平 汉语水平专业知识翻译知识翻译经验,1.3 科技英语文体的特点,第三人称句多被动语态多专业名词、术语多非谓语动词多长句多,1.4 翻译的一般方法,直译与意译（第4节 翻译练习1）合译与分译（第4节 翻译练习2）增译与省译（第4节 翻译练习3）顺译与倒译（第4节 翻译练习4）,第4节 翻译练习1,Einsteins relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.All four(outer planets)probably have cores of metals,silicates,and water.,爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。（直译）,这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。（意译）,The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs.Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product.,设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。（意译）,要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。（意译）,第4节 翻译练习2,The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water.The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia.The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon.,植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。（合译）,太阳的大小看起来有变化，这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。（分译）,医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译）,These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one.Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.,这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等，大的直径有1000公里，小的不到1公里。（分译）,制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。（分译）,第4节 翻译练习3,Cartography is the science of making maps.Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes.,制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。（增译）,人们发现，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。（增译）,The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt:this is the unit of voltage and that of current.That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity.,电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压的单位，前者是电流的单位。（增译）,同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。（省译）,第4节 翻译练习4,Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge.The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity.The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation.,几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。,向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。,通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的性能。,2.1 词义的选择,词类/词性（part of speech）：第1节 翻译练习1上下文（co-text）：第1节 翻译练习2搭配（collocation）：第1节 翻译练习3学科专业/语域（register）：第1节 翻译练习4,第1节 翻译练习1,The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other.The earth isnt completely round;it is slightly flattened at the poles.In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field.,锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。（介词）,粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。（名词）,地球并非完全是圆的，它的两极略扁平。（形容词）,An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom.Her waist measures forty inches round.,电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词）,她腰围40英寸。（副词）,第1节 翻译练习2,Rate of penetration was found to be proportional to the net pressure applied by the tool.Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data.To find the area of a square or oblong,you merely multiply its length by its width.Certain isotopes are not found in nature.,人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。,求一正方形或长方形的面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。,科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。,有些同位素在自然界中并不存在。,New fibers find expanding applications in engineering and industry.Kangaroos are found in Australia.This plant is found in the sea near the mouth of rivers.Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors.Plastics find wide application in our daily life.,大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。,这种植物生长在近河口的海中。,新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。,微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。,塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。,第1节 翻译练习3,low dampinglow brakelow limitlow shotlow currentlow orderlow accesslow keylow brass,弱阻尼,低速制动器,下限,低位,仰视拍摄,低强度电流,慢速存取,低音调键,下半轴瓦,solid anglesolid bearingsolid bodysolid linesolid borersolid colorsolid crankshaftsolid goldsolid measuresolid circuitsolid injectionsolid lubricantsolid pole,钻头,单色,实心曲轴,固态电路,赤金,体积,无气喷射,润滑脂，固体润滑剂,磁极,实线,固体,整体轴承,立体角,第1节 翻译练习4,apron(n.):机械行业造船业建筑业地质运输业航空业军事,护床,船头护船木,（皮带）运输机,护墙，挡板,冰川前的沙砾层,停机坪,（炮的）口罩，伪装天幕,2.2 词义的引申,技术性引申修辞性引申具体化引申抽象化引申第2节 翻译练习1,第2节 翻译练习1,The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls.Traditionally,NC programming has been performed offline with the machine commands being contained on a punched tape.The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen.,滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。（技术性引申）,通常，数控机床的编程是脱机完成的，指令载于穿孔带上。（技术性引申）,大片大片漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修辞引申）,The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy.The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor.The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions.Just as different solids and liquids vary in density,so do gases and vapors.,元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。（具体化引申）,两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。（具体化引申）,随着铀核和钚核的裂变，会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。（修辞性引申）,正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同。（具体化引申）,The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation.Obviously,there is much room for the improvement in the structure.At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.The facts have been set down in black and white.,显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地。（抽象化引申）,目前，煤是火电厂最常用的能源。（抽象化引申）,居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有一种物质能放出辐射能。（具体化引申）,这些事实已经清清楚楚地记录下来了。（抽象化引申）,2.3 词类的转换,转译为动词 n.v.adj.v.adv.v.prep.v.转译为名词 第3节 翻译练习1 v.n.pron.n.adj.n.adv.n.转译为形容词 n.adj.adv.adj.v.adj.转译为副词 第3节 翻译练习2 adj.adv.v.adv.n.adv.,第3节 翻译练习1,Each time a sample was drawn for color determination.What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf.We should get familiar with different systems of units.,每次取一个标本测定颜色。,可以肯定，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打击。,我们应该熟悉各种（计量）单位制。,These decision-making processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design-not just to mechanical engineering design.Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators.When the war was over,it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons.,常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。,第二次世界大战结束后，人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。,这些判定过程可以应用于工程设计的整个领域，而不仅仅限于机械工程设计。,Various precautions have been taken against leakage.Once inside the oven,panels are subjected to a temperature of 365F.Value is defined as a numerical ratio,the ratio of the function,or performance,to the cost.This new model should appeal to potential buyers.,一旦进入烘干炉，板材就处于365华氏度的温度条件下。,价值的定义是功能或性能与成本的数值比。,已采取了各种措施防止渗漏。,这种新式样对潜在的买主肯定有吸引力。,Galileos experiments are not difficult,nor is there any evidence that he performed them with exceptional skill.Sometimes a scientist observes an object and its features,for example a star or a bird;sometimes he observes an event,which is something that happens at a particular time.Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions.,有时科学家观察一物体及其特征，例如一颗星或一只鸟；有时科学家观察某一事件，即在一特定时间所发生的事。,地震对于生命的破坏通常大于火山爆发。,伽利略的实验并不难，也没有证据表明他是以非凡的技能来做实验的。,Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating.How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air.This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor.,一种燃料燃烧的速度有多快，取决于它与氧气或空气混合的均匀程度。,这就是线圈常被叫做电感器的原因。,应当慢慢加热，以避免发生局部过热现象。,第3节 翻译练习2,Practically all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure.The metal casts well.A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic;the plastic is insulation round the wire.,几乎材料的一切有用特性都与其内部的结构有密切的关系。,这种金属有良好的铸造性能。,传导电流的导线包有塑料，该塑料便是导线周围的绝缘材料。,There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet.Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged.Safety in a power plant is of great importance.Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits.,安全在电厂是非常重要的。,现代发报机大多采用固体电路。,有许多方法来确定磁场周围的磁力分布状况。,润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。,E-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical,plastic and energy e-commerce.These images tend to exaggerate the robots similarity to human anatomy and behavior.Aluminum remained an expensive rarity till the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing aluminum in 1886.,这些概念常常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面的相似之处。,电子化工商务目前主要提供两个层次的有关化学、塑料和能源电子商务的在线商务信息服务。,直到1886年人们发现电解法还原铝之前，铝一直是一种昂贵的珍品。,Since some materials are not damaged easily as others,the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts.,由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏，所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。,2.4 词的增译,增译名词增译动词增译形容词增译副词增译代词第4节 翻译练习1,增译量词增译表示名词复数的词增译时态词增译概括性的词增译连接词增译转折词第4节 翻译练习2,第4节 翻译练习1,This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor.Once out of the earths gravity,an astronaut is affected by still another problem-weightlessness.By minimizing the microscopic imperfections scientists are making far stronger ceramics.,这一作用从外表上看来像电容器的放电现象。,一旦离开了地球的引力范围，宇航员又遇到了另一个问题失重。,科学家们正通过最大限度地减小微观缺陷来制造强度高得多的陶瓷。,Atomic cells are small and very light,as compared to ordinary dry ones.Transistors can make previously large equipment much smaller.Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too,which might have black holes as companions.,天文学家有证据表明，还有其他一些恒星也可能有黑洞作为伴星。,和普通电池相比，原子电池体积小、重量轻。,晶体管能使原先体积大的设备变得小得多。,The key to the new materials is researchers increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level.The largest and most expensive products cannot,because of their size,be testable in the factory.Cold rolling enables the operators to produce rolls of accuracy and uniformity,and with a better surface finish.,最大最贵的产品，因为体积大，在该工厂里是不能检验的。,开发新材料的关键在于研究人员不断提高在分子一级上处理物质的能力。,冷轧可使操作工生产出精确度高、均匀度好的轧制件，并具有更好的表面光洁度。,All these factors play a key role in formulation of the model.PCs are not the most stable,and with video editing you have to be extra careful.This method makes it easy to identify the various components.,在拟订模型时，所有这些因素都将起到关键性的作用。,这个方法使人们很容易识别各种不同的构成成分。,个人电脑一般并不太稳定，所以，进行视频编辑时需要加倍小心。,第4节 翻译练习2,It was estimated that the power of an average horse is equal to 500 feet-pounds per second.Panel patch is one gauge heavier than thickness of original skin.Studies have shown that information can be communicated to people many times faster in a graphic form than in written form.,据估计，一匹普通马的功率等于500英尺-磅力/秒。,补块比原板的厚度大一号。,众多研究表明，以图形表示的信息被人们接受的速度比以文字表示的快许多倍。,The chemist is making an analysis of the poison.It appears that the construction of the dam has had a considerable effect on the ecology of the region.The receiver will operate reliably no matter what happens.,无论发生什么情况，这台接收机都将可靠地工作。,药剂师正对毒性进行分析。,看来，建造水坝对这一地区的生态已经有相当大的影响。,Radiant,electrical and chemical energies can all be turned into heat.The frequency,wave length and speed of sound are closely related.Noise figure is minimized by parametric amplifier.,频率、波长和声速三者是密切相关的。,辐射能、电能和化学能这三种能均可转变为热能。,采用参量放大器即可将噪音系数减小至最低限度。,In the absence of sufficient knowledge confusion exists in classifying a specimen as a butterfly or a moth.Lead can be hammered into very thin sheets without being broken.There are a number of devices that give an electric current when light falls on them,without any chemical changes taking place.,如果没有足够的知识，就分不清标本是属蝶类还是蛾类。,有许多器件在受光照射时能产生电流，但不发生任何化学变化。,铅能被锤成很薄的薄片而不破裂。,2.5 词的省译,省译冠词省译代词省译介词省译连词省译动词there be句型中的省译现象 第5节 翻译练习1,第5节 翻译练习1,The fact that the concrete is slow in setting is no sign that it is of poor quality.Such an engine is called an internal combustion engine.The symptoms of hepatitis are similar no matter which virus is involved.,混凝土凝固得慢并不表示其质量差。,这种发动机成为内燃机。,肝炎不管是由何种病毒引起的，其症状均大同小异。,This critical deficiency was itself due to three factors which interacted with each other over the entire period.The properties change in going from carbon to graphite.The design choices hinge upon considerations of gain,noise figure,and so forth.,设计选择的关键在于考虑增益、噪音系数等等。,这个关键性的逆差来源于三个始终互相影响的因素。,碳转变成石墨时，其性质也发生了变化。,Temperatures may reach 700C and surface oxidation becomes critical.If the atomic nucleus of a heavy element is split,a large amount of energy is released.The discovery of enzymes is very important because it gave impetus to a series of experiments.,分裂一重元素的原子核，会释放出很大的能量。,温度高达700摄氏度，表面氧化便成为关键问题。,酶的发现很重要，因为它推动了一系列试验的进行。,Apart from the fact that it may become hot,no apparent change occurs in a metal when it is carrying a current.This equipment forms an integral part of many advanced systems.There was a rise in temperature,and as a result,the component failed.,金属有电流通过时，除了金属可能变热外没有什么显著变化。,温度升高了，结果元件出了故障。,这个设备是许多先进系统不可缺少的一部分。,If there is little cooling water available,a diesel engine makes an excellent prime mover for generation below 10,000 kVA.There was a block in the pipe and the water could not flow away.,如果能利用的冷却水不多，则柴油发动机可以成为极好的发电10000千伏安以下的原动机。,水管被东西堵住，水流不出去。,2.6 重复法,重复名词重复动词 第6节 翻译练习1,第6节 翻译练习1,The properties of gas are quite different from those of liquid.The electric resistance of copper is not so large as that of iron.The three gas laws are true of all gases,as well as of air.,气体的性质与液体的性质大不相同。（重复名词）,气体三定律不但适用于空气，也适用于所有气体。（重复动词）,铜的电阻不像铁的电阻那样大。（重复名词）,Matter changes not only in state but also in volume.Continuous data can be expressed in either fractions or whole numbers.,物质不仅形态改变而且体积也改变。（重复动词）,连续资料可以用分数表示，也可以用整数表示。（重复动词）,3.1 名词的译法,直译（第1节 翻译练习1）重复增译：抽象名词后增译名词具体名词后增译名词（第1节 翻译练习2）,转译：n.v.（第1节 翻译练习3）n.adj.（第1节 翻译练习4）n.adv.省译,第1节 翻译练习1,In an unusual application,this organization uses a fingerprint scanner to monitor the comings and goings of its residents.A capacitor is used to eliminate sparking when a circuit containing inductance is suddenly opened.,一个不同寻常的用途是：这个机构使用指纹扫描器监视居住人员的进出。,当含有电感的电路突然断开时，可用电容器消除火花。,第1节 翻译练习2,The comparison reveals that the error is due to aliasing.The scans confirmed that the subjects brains dealt with words in ways that contradict one hoary old idea.The latest research with radioactive isotopes has shown that this assumption is qu