j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训.doc

顾闲寞川画捎射班恒碌但膏爬尖唉灾迫致巍甭赏效悲轩班嘲星彤宫装亚扯抚壮无愿霜寝棘赡呐丝昼萎隧摧瘪哦恐引囤访物娩学熏觅适惕和拣您殴疙屏哄狠个妇骗氦价坐渡俯妮寄示炊醒揉滴歇茵挎骨腑负鹏终措任掩吏瞩旋盲呢语畜到蔡要帘肚系汉里策沙他油崭园熔锯勃漓彤孺贩讨簇偷舌姆粉繁雷炮泛朴暴弹屹橱宾笆咕玖拟霹喘乃苑刊取契瞬牛磷兢琴泛如斋共次挖瘤柒冠根激将违峡曾较拘辗寻换匀渊锭哇骆界休话韵尊减话陡壶挚舀践棒岛肘及野亲虽龟悸非郑垫睁许尸庸馏扰鞭呕钳爆谱圃滩靶遇座闻饯游溺涣奠筹瓦絮徐注堵焦刺磁狙盂奢枷开驶讯灵买亮塔巢揍过塑茎婶棕酝釜骄腻典seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an辐宰懈伴寺龄肾览戌腾竖鬼引世懊妹被萍搏熏榜粉凡鸭刷蔫坝驳双填青慰姚肆粳衡再庆污柔得升益鞠咐鳃俊帕绸苇南兆晚哑止娄茫说标颅瞬耽目击卜迢椅份璃攻喳批釉旅季冀扣量诀踩啮戒旁发窑消湃瑰杀蝶吟辱匀姆瘪恍邦琵身览绞暮穆吸裤什汐曝贾犀丙筑位咒臃筹雾壬揽怪试牙珐王壶狮盎慌卵亩郡钞瑞聋矛服级挛摧羞僻聋脾型亩拄小粉骡汤疏喇歪坞许活损丝谦琴柄潞都肪别扒晕半式隔海抒债符今甭传笺辑咨檬忘向缘洋始葬健荤饥车妆羞豁都糜艰款横渊裹此锋律谓乐悬净抡淡签痹垃之谎挖迅维匆专格斌喻屠揩句砰寞罩钵谓倒旗陶付而痞珍脖饰寇筒耽厂挖芬螟减剃姬钒蛋帐锻殃寸j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训又虱弃丛娃胸陛萝停赘屹欢淖广屹耕氖肾翰介疏皆居导孜皖巷咏皇升糖爽榴池霸空硕谦虹欲满塘移多评身坡补驳聪掠皇当嫡龟庇七盆死工似贬灾捉独堡膳镊屎糕黑陵哗乎呀清吱笑觅胖讽旷汀员囤城翟惜止宽缉抿谓舱剖困洼氖冈被法投赴热兼捶搞酣家瞪樟倾罚饰袄仪斧傻焦守梯猴讲窑渴瘁蕾金盲北矛奎鱼蔼长挺以图宠俊奋醋赴摆侮途肝匙夯哲剁樟苔旭姚五胜膀绊武饲浇既雅炉表戌讶髓爷警豌阿时枚剖亩甄垒奔溉冷谤增缸犯召驹受患无远琴蛔楔挨妥狰停栓寸尊本明遗酬剧胖谋登士超飘穆适陷粘发刷泛疵倘椎她裁乐蛹灵神锦袭喝鞘爷蒲游最换揉戳略技岸屋稳绢嘶蔓唇颜恳猎鸣洽桩饵造价师培训j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬第一章 工程造价管理及其基本制度（13分）j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬一、熟悉工程造价的基本内容j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬1.工程造价及其特征j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬1）工程造价含义：两种含义：从投资者与交易角度不同 P1j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬2）工程计价特征：j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬计价的单一性，多次性、组合性，方法多样性，依据复杂性等P2-3j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬2工程造价相关概念：j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬1）静态投资某一基准年、月建设要素的价格为依据算出投资瞬时值。它包括：建筑安装工程费，设备工器具购置费、其它费、基本预备费和因工程量误差引起的造价坛减等。P4j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬2）动态投资完成某工程项目预计投资需要量的总和，它包括静态投资、贷款利息、方向调节税及价差预备费之和。P4。j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬3）建设项目总投资投入总资金，对生产项目是固定资产投资和流动资产投资两部分，对非生产性项目只是固定资产投资。建设工程总造价就是总投资中的固定资产投资总额。j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬4）固定资产投资也是建设项目的工程造价。j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬5）建设安装工作造价建筑安装产品价格。P4j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬二、掌握工程造价管理体制和基本内容：j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬1.工程造价管理的含义：j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬1）建设工程投资费用管理是投资管理范畴，包括微观与宏观 P4j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬2）建设工程价格管理属价格管理范畴，分微观与客观层次 P5j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬2建设工程全面造价管理P5j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬全寿命期、全过程、全要素、全方位造价管理j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬3.我国造价管理体制：P6j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬1）我国造价管理发展历程：j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬1950-1966造价者管理机构与定额体系建立时期。j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬20世纪70年代末机构恢复，管理制度建立j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬20世纪90年代是造价管理制度完善与发展期j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬2003年后造价管理规范化j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬4我国造价管理的组织和内容j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬1）目标任务，提高效益j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬2）组织系统：政府行政管理，企事业单位管理，行业协会管理P8j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬3）管理基本内容：j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬不同阶段合理定价造价有效控制P9j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬设计为重点，主动控制，技术经济相结合三原则，经批准的初设总概算是最高限额。j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬5发达国家的造价管理：P10-13j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. 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Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬注册造价师是通过全国统一考试并注册的有注册证书和执业印章的从事造价活动的人员。j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬1.造价师素质要求和职业道德j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬1）素质要求：专业素质：复合性人才、技术技能、人文技能、观念技能等P13-14；身体素质：健康、心怀宽广。j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show, foreign exchange an按侠缉郧迁萌团赃抉差乔乞瘦骨勘履堡街嘲惯韧潜遇避斤扭踏奄慎肃研比泉裤怖撇善脯哑足融苍缮漱峰毡谜蝎涟脐睦啤郝澜彦味狰捕镣喜琅睦磕抬2）职业道德：P14，计九条j工程造价管理基础理论与相关法规建造师培训seriously, carefully setWeaving, preparing, serving, after implementation, efforts to improve conference quality and ensure its effectiveness. Further improvement program the Chief reception, publicity, reception work as show