课时14 祈使句与感叹句讲义.doc

第十四课时 (祈使句与感叹句)祈使句一. 定义：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句，祈使句最常用于表达命令，因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句。 祈使句因对象（即主语）是第二人称，所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时，句末则使用句号来表示结束。例： Go and wash your hands. （去洗你的手。命令） Be quiet,please.（Please be quiet.） （请安静。请求） Be kind to our sister. （对姊妹要和善。劝告） Watch your steps. （走路小心。警告） Look out！Danger！ （小心！危险！强烈警告，已如感叹句） Keep off the grass. （勿践草坪。禁止） No parking. （禁止停车。禁止） No eating or drinking. (禁止吃喝。禁止) No littering. (禁止乱扔垃圾。禁止) 祈使句也常把主语“You”表达出来，使对方听起来觉得柔和些，例如： You go and tell him,Chris. （克立斯去告诉他。） 二. 相关口令祈使句无主语，主语you常省去； 动词原形谓语当，句首加don't否定变； 朗读应当用降调，句末常标感叹号。 三. 表现形式A. 肯定结构： 1Do型(即：动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。如：Please have a seat here. 请这边坐。 有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下，动词可省略。如：This way,please. = Go this way,please. 请这边走。 2Be型(即：Be + 表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)。如：Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子! 3Let型(即：Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分)。如：Let me help you. 让我来帮你。 B. 否定结构： 1 Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don't构成。如：Don't forget me! 不要忘记我！ Don't be late for school! 上学不要迟到！ 2 Let型的否定式有两种：“Don't + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分”和“Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。如：Don't let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走。 3 有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如：No smoking! 禁止吸烟！No fishing! 禁止钓鱼！ 四. 祈使句用法(一) "let"带头的祈使句由"let"带头的祈使句是个常见的动词句型，它的主要用法有下列三种： 1表示“建议”。 这个句型里的"let"后头紧跟着一个第一人称的代词宾语，如： (1) Let me try. (2) Let me go and look for it. 这个句型语气委婉，比直接的祈使句客气。试比较下面两句: (3) a. Don't disturb him. b. Let's not disturb him. (a)是直接命令，语气强烈，不如(b)温柔悦耳。 2表示“间接命令”或“愿望”。 这句型里的动词宾语是第三人称名词或代词，如： (4) Let Robert take charge of the marketing department. (5) Let her join our choir. 3表示“警告”、“蔑视”、“威胁”等。 这种祈使句里的宾语也是第三人称为主。除了口气凶悍之外，有时还语带讽刺，如：(6) Let him try and he will expose his inability to work on his own. (7) Let the invaders come and our armed forces will wipe them out in no time. 注意：用"let"的祈使句时，必须注意下列几点： a. "let" 的否定句有二。如果宾语是第三人称用"Don't let.": Don't let this type of things happen again.如果宾语是第一人称，则用"Let.not”: It's rainingnow. Let's not go out until after the rain. b. 用"Let's"时，把谈话者的对象包括在内；用"Let us"时，并不包括对方，如： (8) Let's try it, shall we? (9) Let us do it by ourselves, will you? (二) 祈使句表示请求、命令、建议等等。谓语动词一律用原形。句子中通常不用主语，句末用惊叹号或者句号，用降调。 肯定的祈使句a.句型：动词原形.（省略主语） Stand up.起立。 Be quiet，please.请安静。 b.有时，为了加强语气，可以在动词之前加do Do sit down. 务必请坐。 Do study hard. 一定要努力学习。 【比较】祈使句和陈述句： You sit down. 你坐下来。 祈使句： Sit down.坐下 （省略主语you） c. 用客气的语气表示祈使句时，可在句首或句尾加上please，但如果在句尾加please，那在please之前一定要加一个逗号“，”。 Go this way，please. 请这边走。 d.祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号“，”隔开，放在句首或句尾。 Li Ming，come here. 李明，过来。 Come here，Li Ming. 过来，李明。 否定的祈使句句型：Don''t +动词原形 Don''t swim in the river. 别在河里游泳。 Don''t be late.别迟到。 注意：表示禁止时，尤其是标语等也可用“No+名词/动名词”来表示。 No smoking! 禁止吸烟！ No parking! 禁止停车！ No entry! 不准入内！ No litter! 不准乱扔杂物！ 五. 英语祈使句句型转换a. 祈使句与陈述句的改写 1祈使句=You must （陈述句） Come here .过来。 =You must come here. 你必须过来。 Don''t do that again. =You mustnt do that again.你一定不可以再那样做了。 2Please +祈使句=Will you (please) ?（陈述句） Please help me .请帮帮我。 =Will you (please) help me 你愿意帮我的忙吗？ Come here on time,please .请准时到这儿。 =Will you (please) come here on time 请你准时到好吗？ 3.含有第一、第三人称主语的祈使句 Lets say good-bye here. 我们在此道别吧。 Don't let him do that again. 别让他再那么做了. b. 句型转换 祈使句有时相当一个“if”引导的条件状语从句。 祈使句：Use your head and you''ll find a way. 条件句：If you use your head，you''ll find a way. 六. 祈使句变反意疑问句的方法： 祈使句后的反意疑问句形式 a Let's表示说话人向对方提出建议，简短问句的主语用 we表示，问句用 shall we或 shan't we 如： Let's have a cup of tea,shall we (shan't we) b. Let me或 Let us表示听话人提出请求，问句用 will you或 won't you . Let me have a rest,will you (won't you ) c. 其它的祈使句后可以加一个简短问句，使语气变得客气一些. 如：Have a rest, will you? Stand up, will (won't) you?感叹句一、定义感叹句是表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子。感叹句句末通常用感叹号，读时一般用降调。二、基本句型【句型一】What + (a / an) + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语！What a clever boy he is! (他是个)多么聪明的男孩啊！What an interesting story it is! (这是个)多么有趣的故事啊！What fine weather it is! 多好的天气啊！What beautiful flowers they are! (它们是)多么漂亮的花啊！【说明】 在感叹句中，What a / an 常用来修饰单数可数名词，若其前面的形容词为元音开头，则用 an。what 是用来修饰复数可数名词和不可数名词。但有些不可数名词，如 rain, surprise, breakfast, lunch 等，当前面有形容词修饰，使抽象名词具体化时，则要用 what a / an，如：What a heavy rain it is! 多大的一场雨啊！What a great surprise it is! 这多么令人惊奇啊！What a rich breakfast it is! 多么丰盛的一顿早餐啊！ 【句型二】How + 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语！How well you look! 你气色真好!How kind you are! 你心肠真好!Strawberries! How nice! 草莓! 多好呀!How clever the boy is! 这个男孩多么聪明啊！How fast he runs! 他跑得多么快啊！【说明】how还可以修饰动词构成感叹句，但动词不提前。如：How I want to be a doctor! 我多么想成为一名医生啊！How she dances! 她跳得多好啊！感叹句型总结How +形容词+ a +名词+其他成分！How+形容词或副词+其他成分！What +名词+其他成分！What +a+形容词+名词+其他成分！What + 形容词+复数名词+其他成分！What + 形容词+不可数名词+其他成分！请看以下例子：Its an interesting film. 这是一部有趣的电影。What an interesting film it is! 这是一部多有趣的电影啊！Its wonderful weather. 天气很好。What wonderful weather! 天气真好！He did the work carefully. 他做这工作很仔细。How carefully he did the work! 他做这工作多仔细啊！Time passed quickly. 时间过得很快。How quickly time passed! 时间过得真快【难点】what类感叹句省略形容词1. 当其中的名词带有形容词的意味时What luck! 真幸运! What fools! 真是些笨蛋! What a surprise! 真是意想不到! What fun we could have! 我们玩得多开心啊2. 当进行批评时What nonsense! 一派胡言!What a mess! 多么脏乱啊!3. 当表示强调或夸张时Oh, what a lie! 啊，多大的谎言!What a night! 多糟糕的一个晚上！4. 当表示蔑视时What a man he is! 那家伙算什么! 注：有时在没有上下文，意思可能不确定。如：What a day! 看这天气! (是褒是贬，视具体情况而定) 【难点】how在感叹句中修饰动词感叹句有时可用“how+主语+动词”构成，此是how直接用于修饰动词。如：How I missed you. 我多么想念你啊。How youve changed! 你的变化真大! How he wished for a drink! 他多希望能有点东西喝!How things get around! Everyone must know you are in town. 消息传得多快!人们一定都知道你到城里来了感叹句巧解五法 感叹句中what和how的选用，关键看形容词后面是否有名词。如果有，用what（a，an）；如果没有，用how（至于副词，其前永远用how）。歌诀记忆法：hat，how如何选？ 先在后面把名词找，若有名词用what， 若无名词必用how。what，how提句首， 其它紧跟别忘了。主谓一起挪最后, 常常可以被省掉。因how和what的词性及其在句中的功能不同，由它们引起的感叹句句型可归纳为7种。如果记住这7种句套子，做任何感叹句题都易如反掌。例：从题前A、B、C、D所表示的词或短语中选择正确答案，完成下列各句：A=What B=What a C=What an D=How_pleasant surprise you gave me！_good news we have got！_good a TV set weye bought！_unpleasant experience you had last year！对了，答案依次为BADC。【祈使句练习】I. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。1. Its an important meeting. _ (not, be ) late.2. _ (not, speak) with your mouth full of food and _ (be) polite.3. _ ( not, talk) and _ (read) aloud.4. _ (look) out! A car is coming.5. _ (give) us ten years and just see what our country will be like.6. _ (not, let) the baby cry.7. Wear more clothes or you _ (catch) a cold.8. Lets _ (not, say) anything about it.II. 选择填空 ( ) 1 .Her doctor said: “_ work so hard” A Stop B Dont C Cant D No ( ) 2. Sindy, _ to be here at 8 oclock A is sure B is sure that C will be sure D be sure ( ) 3._ when you cross the road. A Do care B Care C Do be careful D To be careful ( ) 4. _him the secret, will you? A Dont tell B Not to tell C Not telling D No telling ( ) 5._ in bed. Its bad for your eyes. A Not to read B Dont read C Dont to read D Not read ( ) 6. _ Your child. Well look after him. A Not to worry about B Dont worry aboutC Not worry for D Dont worry with ( ) 7.They are very tired. Why _ have a rest? A not they B do not they C dont they D not to ( ) 8 -You look rather tired. _ stopping to have a rest?- All right. A Why not B How about C Why not to Dwhy dont ( ) 9 _ tell a lie. A Hardly B Not C No D Never ( ) 10. Please _ look outside. Look at the blackboard. A not B dont C arent D cant ( ) 11. Why dont you join us in the game? A What not B Why not C Why to D How to ( ) 12 _ go for the book alone, Ms Zhang. A Lets B Let me C Letus D Allow ( ) 13 John, read the text for us,_? A does he B will he C do you D will you ( ) 14. Lets do it at once, _ ? A shall we B will you C do we D do you ( ) 15. Let us do it at once, _ ? A shall we B will you C do we D do you III. 按要求转化下列各题。1. Dont look out of the windows. （肯定句） _2. Eat some bread and drink some milk. （否定句） _IV. 将下列陈述句改为祈使句或将祈使句改为陈述句1. You should not run in the street. 陈述句改为祈使句_2. Keep the room clean. 将祈使句改为陈述句_【感叹句练习】一将下列句子变成感叹句    1. It is quite a nice present. _ _ nice present!    2. We have fine weather today.   _ _ weather we have today!    3. Its sunny today. _ _ sunny day it is today!    4. The children are working hard.     _ _ the children are working!    5. She played basketball wonderfully.    _ _ she played basketball!    6. He is good at singing. _ _ he sings!    7. He was doing well in dancing.    _ a _ dancer he was!    8. Tom coughs badly. _ _ _ cough Tom has!    9. The fish is very lovely. _ _ the fish is!    10. They live a happy life today.     _ _ _ life they live!二选择合适选项1. _ a nice watch it is!     A. How B. What C. What a D. How a    2. _ bright girls they are!    A. What B. What a C. How D. how a    3. _ interesting the film is!     A. What B. What an C. How    4. _ sunny day! Lets go out for a walk.     A. How a B. How C. What a D. What    5. _ hard work it is!     A. How B. What C. What a D. What an    6. _ day it is! Its rainy again.     A. How bad B. What a bad C. How fine D. What a fine    7. _ great day July 1,1997 will be!     A. How a B. What a C. How D. What    8. _ expensive trousers!     A. What B. What a C. How D. What an 9. _ girl she is!     A. What bright a B. How a bright C. How bright a D. What bright    10. _ weather we have today!     A. A fine B. What a fine C. How a fine D. What fine    11. _ careless he is!    A. What B. How C. So much D. How much    12. _ from Beijing to London!     A. How long way it is B. What a long way is it    C. How long way is it D. What a long way it is    13. Oh, John, _ you gave us!     A. How a pleasant surprise B. How pleasant surprise    C. What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise  14. _ useful work they have done!     A. What B. How C. What a D. What an    15. _ nice picture you gave me!     A. How B. What C. What a D. What anWinger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis' 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnley's effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competition's top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011."I'd give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend," said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday."I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport."For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during City's 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA." Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by England's Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos' focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. They've been great at all the unglamorous stuff