267.F企业关联方及其交易的相关研究外文原文.doc

from Harvard Business Review Feb85, Vol. 31 Issue 2, p163-174, 12pBudget on the modern enterprise management and controlMark KohlbeckAbstract：Enterprise-wide budget management is the core content of corporate governance is commonly used by foreign and medium-sized enterprises an effective management model.At present, many companies in England has been recognized that the importance of a comprehensive budget management and to actively explore the conditions of our country's budget for management. However, most companies budget for the implementation of comprehensive management of the effect is not good system running, there are many of the issues. In the modern economic environment, How to Build a budget for the management of England's national conditions so as to enhance the management efficiency and cost-effective" is the purpose of this article.Keywords: Budget Management Control PerformAs early as the 18th century, the United Kingdom and the United States has a budget management. At that time the major is in line with the government departments need to control expenditure. Budget management of foreign enterprises in the application and development began in the early 20th century. The emergence of the standard cost for the implementation of the enterprise budget management provides a reliable basis. June 1921, the United States Congress enacted the "Budget and Accounting Act," to further expand the thinking of the impact of budgetary control. The United States in 1922 McKinsey published a famous scholar, "budget control" of a book, for the first time systematically expounds the scientific issues of budgetary control. From 1923 to 1929 the U.S. launched a study of accountants and engineers to coordinate the climax of the issue of budgetary control. Today, large companies use the U.S. method of budget management is very common, such as General Electric, DuPont, General Motors Corporation have used the method of budget management.As England's market economy system, the gradual establishment of more and more companies learn from foreign experience, and explore the use of budget management, has achieved some results. However, the implementation of the situation, there still exist some problems, such as the budget for the lack of objectivity, incentive mechanisms, the lack of effective control system, combined with the performance evaluation does not close, the budget is not clear, such as management-oriented, resulting in different effects of budget management satisfactory, and some are even useless. In view of this, this article attempts to Chinese enterprises budget management and control of an analysis of existing problems, and explore the budgetary management of Chinese enterprises to improve and control measures.、England's enterprise management and control of budget problems(A)Lack of objectivity budgetingBudgeting methods, but each methodology should be based on economic activity status of enterprises, the enterprise may consider changes in the external environment, the use of a scientific forecast forecasting methods and decision-making after the right to carry out the calculation (including reasonable estimate) to determine the budget for the various indicators. In other words, the preparation of the budget table to identify a series of budget figures are based on actual data for a range of existing data and projections to determine the calculation of the objective, rather than arbitrary, subjective and imaginary. In reality, however, many companies work in the preparation of the budget, the budget data, to take too simplistic approach to the subjective estimates the number of omissions not considered unreasonable in the current economic activity, and not economic factors, or the lack of forecasts link or omit to budget or reduce the use of incremental budgeting to determine the budget number. There are many indicators of corporate value and to the history of economic activities based on the past, do not take into account future changes in the indicators to determine future budgets and so on. The preparation of the budget so out of lack of objectivity, or too difficult to complete the budget, or budget is too lax it is difficult to play its due role.（B） Incentive mechanismsThe overall budget is to enterprises of all economic activity in the process and the outcome of a formal plan, with the number and form is reflected in the form of a series of documents, that is, the overall budget is that the number of overall planning. Enterprise budget well in terms of the senior management of the performance of enterprises in terms of all employees, that means paying more.In accordance with the rules of market economy, should pay more get more returns. Only in this way will be a long time to pay employees, employees of such an act will strengthen the positive, such a management system will work. However, many enterprises in the implementation of budget management did not establish and improve the incentive mechanism, enterprises rely on the results of staff have a good approximation of a kind, which will undoubtedly not be to mobilize the enthusiasm of enterprises. The needs of enterprises are many, we should establish and improve the incentive mechanism to meet the needs of employees rich.（C）The lack of an effective control systemEnterprise budget is a comprehensive master plan and the number of specific note of. Expressed in the overall budget is an ideal state of economic activity in the course of its implementation will inevitably be affected by many factors, some positive impact, some impact is negative. Enterprises in order to ensure that the objectives set by the budget, approved in the budget implementation process, it is also necessary to establish an effective system of budgetary control in order to implement effective control. But in reality, the practice of budgetary management, lack of effective budgetary control system, it is difficult to obtain good results in budget management is not an isolated phenomenon.(D) Combined with the performance evaluation does not closeBudget management is based on the budget as a tool of management activities, it should not only re-process and results, and the budget process management and results management, and performance evaluation combine to achieve the budget management and performance evaluation of the integration. However, the practice is often the budget management in line with the performance evaluation phase, and thus can not achieve good results.（E）Uncertainty-oriented budget managementSummary of the budget management of foreign enterprises in practice, we found that having foreign budget management to strategic management-oriented, value-oriented line management, attention to the budget process control, closely linked to the characteristics of market dynamics. England's business-oriented budget management is not clear, the value of the management of the main line is not highlighted, do not attach importance to process control, from the market reality, these are the budget management problems in practice.、England's enterprises to improve budget management and control measures(A) Adhere to the strategic management-oriented and closely linked to market dynamics, attention to process control, to the value of the principles of management of the main lineEnterprise is a profit organizations, from the establishment of the early days of its shareholders on the hope that it will continue to grow, so the shareholders and corporate management in its future development will inevitably have a long-term strategic planning and strategic management of enterprises. And strategic planning to be gradually reflected in the budget each year, which objectively requires budget management to strategic management-oriented, but also the only way to ensure the strategic objectives of enterprises gradually be realized.Closely linked to the budget market is another important management-oriented. Budget management to be closely linked to market dynamics, because the enterprise budget on the one hand, enterprises of all economic activity and the outcome of the process of planning the quantity and form reflected in the Budget, which also took the output of production activities and the need for results resources defined. If enterprises can not adapt to the output of the results of the needs of the market, then the output value of enterprises can not be finally realized. At the same time, from the investment point of view, changes in market conditions will affect the budget allocation of resources carried out by whether or not to come, which also affected the output of the results of enterprises. On the other hand, the production of the annual goal of business activities in corporate strategic planning is the adoption of market research and forecasting to determine, and the market may be volatile, so if the relevant market and enterprises have undergone substantial adverse change, This means that according to the changed market situation, a timely indicator of the value of this year's budget to appropriate adjustments in order to adapt to the changed budget market.Budget will be implemented after approval. In the implementation process, we must not only evaluation of the various departments and enterprises and the results of budget implementation, but also the process of evaluation of budget performance. Emphasis on process control is the process of budget implementation in a timely manner for budget control, so that timely detection of problems, solve the problem in time to avoid the end of the budget problems, but at this time has been overtaken by events, may result in loss of business. Emphasis on process control is also beneficial to more objectively evaluate performance.Although the budget for economic activities of enterprises were also to be able to measure non-monetary, but the currency is still the most basic measure. It can be said that companies look at the budget mainly from the nature of the value of various resources, so, budget management should be based on the value of the management of the main line.(B) An objective and scientifically-based budgetingFirst of all, the objective-based budgeting to grasp the implementation of the existing budget, budget summary of previous experience, and at the same time to conduct research on market conditions and forecasts, production and operation activities to grasp output and input markets, and then proceed to correct decision-making, the use of appropriate formula with a reasonable budget for the algorithm to determine the number of indicators. In order to effectively reduce costs and expenses, the budget for the cost could be zero-based budgeting, rolling budgets can also be used, flexible budgeting, activity-based budget management. The need for attention to a few issues here: (1) objective evidence of the budget, should be verifiable and; (2) attention to the consistency of budget indicators diameter; (3) to ensure that the advanced nature of the budget targets, and strive to set the budget will not be too high, unable to avoid the responsibility of units; At the same time, indicators also need to avoid the budget is too lax and will not achieve its proper role; (4) pay attention to guiding the budget in relation to staff to participate actively in the development of the initiative. Overall budget is in accordance with the production and operation activities to the division. In order to make a comprehensive budget to implement the overall budget needed to implement the main body in accordance with the budget for further decomposition, into a full responsibility for the budget, by all responsible units to complete their responsibilities in charge of the budget, and completion of a comprehensive budget. (C) Establish and improve the incentive mechanismTo establish and improve budget management incentive mechanism, we must first establish a sense of full participation, as far as possible to meet the various needs of employees, it is necessary to create a favorable environment, emphasis on employee incentives, the implementation of budget management responsibility and autonomy. Although the budget management with a clear business enterprises operating activities during the budget period goals, to coordinate work between various departments to control the day-to-day production and operation activities, evaluation of performance, such as the role of practical work, but we considered that the implementation of budget management itself has a the potential role of types of incentives, that is, the management of the entire process of adoption of the budget to stimulate the enthusiasm of employees, initiative and dynamism, the successful completion of the budget task, to reach business objectives.1. Establish the full involvement of the awareness ofInvolvement refers to all enterprise employees directly or indirectly involved in the process of budget management. This is because the companies involved in production and operations budget for all aspects of activities, all aspects, and these aspects, all aspects of the work is different from the corporate sector and individuals share. Work on the shoulder, the budget for the actual implementation should be the most familiar with the situation. In fact, the level of budgeting, how to complete the budget, they have a say. Therefore, we should take the initiative to mobilize the entire staff to participate in budget preparation and control, for better implementation of budget management ideas. At the same time, only the active participation of the entire staff of the enactment of the budget, and so that they can get attention, be easier to budget for staff to accept, budget management to promote a reliable basis only.2. The implementation of incentives as possible to meet the various needs of employeesIn accordance with the needs of behavioral science theory, the needs are manifold. Although Maslow, Herzberg and others need to put forward the theory that some of the differences, but they are certainly the diversity of the needs of the law. Because of unmet needs will lead to motivation, and motivation will lead to human behavior, so the diversity of human needs has led to the diversity of human behavior. Some behavior is what we want, there are some acts that we do not hope. Therefore, we need the implementation of all staff-to-business incentives, we hope to be active in guiding behavior, and we do not want to be bound by the acts and restrictions. On the implementation of the enterprise in terms of budget management, we need to guide enterprises to actively participate in staff budgeting, to independently control the implementation of the budget. When the budget for the implementation of adverse deviation, the timely and proactive in taking effective measures to correct, voluntarily completed to determine the