自考“英语国家概况”精讲笔记 小抄.doc

官方正式名称: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain三个政治区: England, Scotland and Wales.(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital首都: Cardiff(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.5.The Commonwealth英联邦 (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.Chapter 2The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)I.Arrival and settlement of the Celts Celts were practiced famers. The drained much of marshlands and built houses of wood.They wre ironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celts languages, are the basis of the language which is still used by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism  1、 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.2、The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.II. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)1 Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.The Jute s, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449.Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy七王国.2The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.最早的盎格鲁撒克逊人改信基督教。3The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of the English nation)贡献。The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called counties), with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system(庄园制). Finally, they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen）贤人议会 to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council 枢密院which still exists today. VViking and Danish invasions北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵1The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. 入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. 2King Alfred艾尔弗雷德国王 (849-899) and his contributionsAlfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”VThe Norman Conquest (1066)诺曼征服1Reasons for Williams invasion of England after Edwards death. It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne(王位 to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.2The Norman Conquest and its consequences诺曼征服及其产生的影响。The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system 封建制度was completely established in England.Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.Chapter 3第三章The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)英国的形成1. William's Rule （1066-1087）威廉一世的统Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. The baron(3.(英国)上院议员), who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of(1.在的底部) the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.IIContents and the significance of the Great Charter大宪章内容及意义Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses条. 的范围之内。III.The origins of the English Parliament英国议会的起源The Great Council is known to be the prototype (原型) of the current British Parliament. 大议会是当今英国议会的原型In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned （召集） the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords(上议院) and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice咨询，not to make decisions. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. IVThe Hundred Years' War and its consequences.The Hundred Years百年战争 War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic.既有领土因素又有经济因素战争的结果： The English's being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.In the first two stages, the English won some big victories. But in the third stage, they were driven out of Fance.The battle of Argencourt 阿壤科之战It took place in 1415 and the English won a crushing victory. After the victory, the English king Henry 亨利5世 was recognized as the French King.1415年英国大获全胜，亨利5世登上法国王位。Joan of Arc (1412-1431)贞德女士Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history. She led and encourages the French in driving the English out of French in the Hundred Years War. Consequences of the war 战争的后果影响The English lost the war. The expulsion of the English from French is regarded as a blessing for both countries. It helped English national identity as well as French national identity. Two separate nation were born after the war.V. The Black Death黑死病The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly bubonic(1.(指鼠疫)腹股沟淋巴结炎的) plague,an epidemic(泛滥) disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. 1348.The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague(瘟疫), much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers劳工法令 which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace.第四章Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)向现代英国的过渡I. Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1485)向近代英国的过渡The War s of Rose玫瑰战争The nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses.The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility 贵族was much weakened.II. Henry VIII and  The English Reformation亨利八世和英国的宗教改革Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. He established the church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England英格兰教会最高首脑”之称号。Henry VIIIs reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henrys position;改革的三大影响 Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Popes power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away from Catholicism towards protestant ideology.III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)伊莉莎白一世Elizabeth I and parliamentElizabeth's religious reform and her foreign policy伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策Elizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England,i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. His religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.IV. The English Renaissance英国文艺复兴Distinctive features of the English Renaissance英国文艺复兴的特点1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics;2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe;3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them;4) English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic,rather than philosophical and scholarly;  5)the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.VI. The Civil Wars and their consequences由于查尔斯的“君权神授”统治权Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament(1.议会) developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution清教徒革命. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament议会 and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.推翻英国封建制度 It英国内战 is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.现代世界史的开端The Commonwealth(联邦) under Oliver Cromwell(p.57)Cromwell was leader of the first civil war against charles I. His famous “Ironside” cavalry铁骑兵 and New Model Army(新模范军) defeated the king. After the War he was made Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England and he instituted direct military rule 直接军队领导制度of the country.*The Restoration王政复辟-1660When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck, occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.王政复辟The Glorious Revolution 1688光荣革命In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.光荣革命 第五章The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)大英帝国的兴衰I. Whigs and Tories辉格党人和托利党人These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。The Whig辉格党人 were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.The Tories 托利党人were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century18世纪末的农业革命During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the “open-field” system 开放农田ended when the Enclosure Act圈地法 was passed. Agricultural enclosure圈地法 had good as well as bad results: 利弊共存（1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; （2） More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; （3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants佃户 evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; （4） A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.II. The Industrial Revolution 工业革命（1780-1830）1The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.2Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:原因如下：(1) Favourable geopraphical location.优越的地理位置 Britain was well placed geographic