毕业论文（设计）初探信息技术对《 植物科学基础》 教学的影响38871.doc

初探信息技术对植物科学基础教学的影响徐文忠（河北省承德市隆化县职教中心068150）摘要植物科学基础是一门基础学科，研究对象繁多：同时也是一门实验性、感官性强的学科，教学中有许多图片、标本、资料辅助课堂教学。在传统的教学中，知识的传授基本上都是靠语言描连或静态的图标来完成，虽然也尊重客观事实，但讲起来却抽象、模糊，因此黑板加粉笔式的传统教学方法已经不能满足目前的教学需要。随着信息技求的发展、网络的普及，现代化信息技术已经开始融入到植物学科的课堂教学之中，集文字、图像、动画、影音、视频图片一体的植物学科课件，不但能方便地让学生对植物学做有形的了解，直接和透彻地掌握植物学科的知识，更能激发学生学习的乐趣、有利于创设好的教学环境和创新环境，传统教学方式是不可比拟的。关键词: 多媒体课件 信息技术 植物科学 多媒体技术是一种趋于人性化的多维信息处理系统,是一种先进多媒体意识的培养，它可以解决传统教学模式中一些教学的难点,把微观的抽象的教学内容利用图像、动画进行动态模拟,从而突破教学难点。而植物学是生物学科及相关学科中一门重要的基础课,在多个专业的宏观课程体系中占有十分重要的位置。为了适应教育改革的需要,从 2004年开始,我校将多媒体技术引入到植物学教学中,有目的、有计划地进行了一些尝试。经过8年的教学实践,在植物学多媒体课件设计,以及在植物学传统课堂教学中,对于教师难以表达、学生难以理解的抽象内容、植物图片、细微的结构等教学内容,充分运用多媒体技术,通过动画模拟、局部放大、过程演示等手段予以解决,取得了尚佳的教学效果。一、       多媒体在植物学教学中应用的必要性多媒体在植物学教学中应用的必要性就植物学课程本身而言,由于30亿年漫长的演化形成了50多万种植物,加之新种还在不断出现,使得植物学教学内容不断扩充,知识的深度和广度不断增加。与此同时,随着高校课程体系的改革与发展,增设了许多新的应用性课程,这使得植物学原有的教学课时数大大缩减。在这种情形下,传统的教学手段已远远不能满足植物学教学的需要,运用多媒体技术提高植物学教学质量已是不容置疑的一种有效途径。因为采用多媒体教学所承载讲授内容容量要远远大于以黑板为载体、粉笔为书写工具的课堂讲授方法。此外,学生受经济承受能力及技术水平的限制,造成该课程长期使用色彩单调的黑白文字及视觉效果差的黑白图像为记载手段,而增加了掌握植物学知识的难度,采用多媒体教学,则视觉效果与色彩可以做到高保真,形象化。因此在植物学教学过程中,利用计算机技术制作多媒体课件,通过图片、动画及视听资料扩充了课堂的信息输入量,同时可以实现植物学教学由“抽象难懂”向“形象直观”的转变,使授课更加形象生动,从而激发了学生的学习兴趣,提高了教学效果。二、多媒体技术在植物学教学应用中的优势 （一）直观性强多媒体教学集声音、影像、图片、文字、动画于一体,充分刺激学生的视、听感觉,使一些抽象难懂的概念、定理、结构变成具体的、可观察的演绎过程、多维图形等。从而化抽象为具体,有助于学生创造性思维的培养,更好地激发学生的学习兴趣,活跃课堂气氛。如凯氏带的形成、根和茎的次生生长、花粉粒和胚囊的发育、双受精过程、植物演变等,若只靠老师借助挂图讲解,即使说得天花乱坠,学生看不见也摸不着,很难感受到,只能靠死记硬背去掌握,效率低且易出错。通过多媒体技术可以将过程演绎地栩栩如生,增强了内容的真实感和表现力同时又富有趣味性,能极大地调动学生的积极性,收到事半功倍之效。如对减数分裂过程中染色体数目和行为变化的讲解,使用多媒体教学来模拟染色体的变化过程,并用不同的色彩来表示不同染色体与染色单体,这样使课本上生硬的内容变得活跃起来,不仅形象而且直观,易于学生理解。（二）              效率高应用多媒体教学,可减少板书时间,在有限的教学时数中,向学生传授大量的知识,节省时间和空间,从而加快教学速度,达到更好的教学效果,尤其适用于课时少而内容多的章节。例如在讲授蔷薇科植物特征时,除了以苹果、桃等为代表讲述外,还可以在有限的时间内让学生直观地了解该科10属30余种植物的形态,便于学生更好地掌握本科特征,增强识别能力。在当今植物学领域知识内容迅速膨胀的形势下,教学手段若仍沿用传统方式,教师、学生都将不堪重负,因此教学手段更新势在必行。 （三）              不受时间和空间限制教学中常遇到一些宏观的自然形象、逝去的景色或需长时间才能感知的事物,因受时间和空间的制约,无法让学生亲眼看到;一些微观的事物和微小的变化,无法通过仪器设备让学生进行观察,而这些又多是课堂教学难点。如有丝分裂过程、胚及胚乳的发育等动态变化内容,在传统教学中通常用语言文字描述,即使使用传统的直观教学法也只能向学生展示某一瞬间观察到的某一种植物的形态结构。又如我校的学生很难看到热带和亚热带的植物物种,在冬季不能看到其他季节植物的形态结构,而这些又多是植物分类学的教学重点,借助多媒体则可以将这些信息储存下来,建立植物学多媒体教学信息库,在多媒体教学过程中及时调出使用。总之，以多媒体体、网络化、智能化为主要特征的现代信息技术，正在对传统的课程理念、课程内容和课程实施以及课程资源，产生深刻的影响和变革作用。如何在信息技术教育领域，实施课程改革，适应时代发展，转变教育观念，探索新型的教学模式将会是我们面临的又一崭新教育命题。Editor's note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the world's first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, I've still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, you'd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. I'm anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.It's like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there 待添加的隐藏文字内容1Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line "we" would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and "capcom" (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, "Fearless Felix" will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he'll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it's not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it won't. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way I'd miss this.