写作13英语写作常见错误类型课件.ppt

四级作文写作,常见写作错误,Contents,5种用词错误分析6种常见句子错误分析,5种用词错误分析,1)误解词义导致的用词错误2)不符合习惯导致的用词错误3)大词小词滥用导致的错误4)误用词性导致的错误5)用汉语思维导致的用词错误,1.误解词义导致的用词错误,1）The young man always puts on leather shoes.2）Both salt and sugar are easy to melt in hot water.3)They persuaded their son to try again,but he just turned a deaf ear to them.4)Please fetch/take me some water when you return this afternoon.5)It is uneasy for the children to do such a thing.,1.误解词义导致的用词错误,1）The young man always puts on leather shoes.put on 表示穿的动作，不表示穿着的状态，而此句表达的意思是“穿着”，而不是“穿上”The young man always wears leather shoes.,1.误解词义导致的用词错误,2）Both salt and sugar are easy to melt in hot water.melt 常指物体经过加热后熔化或者易溶物质受热溶化，不指溶质在溶剂中溶解Both salt and sugar are easy to dissolve in hot water.,1.误解词义导致的用词错误,3)They persuaded their son to try again,but he just turned a deaf ear to them.persuade sb.to do sth.是“说服某人去做某事”。如果persuade 用过去时或者完成时，则意味着对方已经接受劝告而去做某事了。但此句的第二部分用了he just turned a deaf ear to them，这在词义上造成了前后矛盾的逻辑错误。They advised their son to try again,but he just turned a deaf ear to them.,1.误解词义导致的用词错误,4)Please fetch/take me some water when you return this afternoon.Fetch表示的是“去拿来”，表示来回而不是单程。Take表示“拿走”。从该句的意思看来，指单程“拿来”。4)Please bring me some water when you return this afternoon.,1.误解词义导致的用词错误,5)It is uneasy for the children to do such a thing.Uneasy是由前缀un-加词根easy构成，在古英语中有表示“不容易”的意思，但在现代英语中，uneasy 已经不表示easy的反义“不容易”了，而是“心神不安”的意思。5)It is difficult for the children to do such a thing.,分辨同义词近义词的细微差别是避免发生错误的主要途径。选用自己完全掌握了词义或用法的单词或词组进行写作。,2)不符合习惯导致的用词错误,We all hope him to get the first prize.Mr.Smith denied my invitation to a dinner party.Who is responsible for this department?She will probably be elected woman chairman.There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving,for an instance,training lions.,2)不符合习惯导致的用词错误,We all hope him to get the first prize.Hope 的用法只有hope to do sth.或hope+that从句结构，却不能说hope sb.to do sth.We all expect him to get the first prize.,2)不符合习惯导致的用词错误,2)Mr.Smith denied my invitation to a dinner party.Deny 可做“拒绝接受”讲，不过当表示“拒绝接受邀请”时，英语习惯一般不用deny an invitationMr.Smith declined my invitation to a dinner party.,2)不符合习惯导致的用词错误,3)Who is responsible for this department?Be responsible for 通常指对某件事的后果负责。如果指对某一方面的工作或某一部分的工作负责，就不能用这个搭配。Who is in charge of this department?,2)不符合习惯导致的用词错误,4)She will probably be elected woman chairman.Woman chairman,是一个词语搭配问题。一般来说，在表示职业的名词前加上man或woman可以区别男女。如a woman doctor,a woman writer等。但是“女主席”“女议长”“女诗人”等则不能用woman做定语。另外，英语中某些固定搭配，决不可随便改变其结构或任意添加、省略其中的某些成分，否则就会造成不符合惯用表达的用词错误。She will probably be elected chairwoman.,2)不符合习惯导致的用词错误,5)There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving,for an instance,training lions.For an instance不符合英语习惯用法。英语中“举例”的固定说法是for example和for instance。虽然只举一个例子，也不能使用冠词a/anThere are jobs more dangerous than truck driving,for instance,training lions.,2)不符合习惯导致的用词错误,就英语单词本身而言，每一个单词都是符合英语习惯的，问题在于词与词之间的搭配上。在写作时，对惯用法的使用要加倍小心，平时对自己不熟悉或拿不准的习语要认真查证，才能杜绝非惯用法的用词错误。,3)大词小词滥用导致的错误,1）I comprehended his statement.2)while we are eating breakfast,we engaged in an animated conversation.3)he will come in the event that it stops raining,3)大词小词滥用导致的错误,1）I comprehended his statement.1）I understood what he prehend：及物动词1 理解,领悟,了解2 包含,包括understand：1 懂,了解2 a.从闻知,得知from(文语)使知道 认为,相信()understand 强调了解后所得的知识comprehend 强调在到达了解前的心路历程,3)大词小词滥用导致的错误,2)While we are eating breakfast,we engaged in an animated conversation.While eating breakfast,we have a lovely talk.,3)大词小词滥用导致的错误,3)he will come in the event that it stops rainingHe will come if it stops raining.in the event that;in the event of释义:如果，如果发生用法:法律用语，比if正式，in the event that后接从句，in the event of后接名词性短语。,3)大词小词滥用导致的错误,自然、简练、清楚、明白有限时间用于掌握核心词汇熟练掌握最常用词来充分表达自己的思想,4)误用词性导致的错误,1）My teacher adviced me not to go out alone at night2)She doesnt aware of the importance of the study of English.3)Many people present at the meeting.4)To do this beyond my power.5)This road goes straightly from our school to the center of the city.,4)误用词性导致的错误,1）My teacher adviced me not to go out alone at night1）My teacher advised me not to go out alone at night名词误用为动词,4)误用词性导致的错误,2)She doesnt aware of the importance of the study of English.2)She isnt aware of the importance of the study of English.形容词误用为动词,4)误用词性导致的错误,3)Many people present at the meeting.3)Many people were present at the meeting.形容词误用为动词,4)误用词性导致的错误,4)To do this beyond my power.4)To do this is beyond my power.介词误用为动词,4)误用词性导致的错误,5)This road goes straightly from our school to the center of the city.5)This road goes straight from our school to the center of the city.straightadj.直的;连续的;直率的;整齐的adv.直地;直接地;坦率地;立即n.直线;直线部分,Many students believe that they are adults and they can do anything they want,they choose to take activities or doing something benefit.,4)误用词性导致的错误,形容词具有动作含义，当它们做表语时，千万不要忘记加连系动词。注意带有动作含义的介/副词（组）注意使用前、后缀后的词性变化,5)用汉语思维导致的用词错误,Excessive smoking will injure your body.Through inquiry,we learn that he was elected to a new leading post.We are going to visit the exhibition next week.In the basketball game,our team won the British teamWe all enjoy public medical care.,5)用汉语思维导致的用词错误,Excessive smoking will injure your body.Excessive smoking will injure your health.,5)用汉语思维导致的用词错误,Through inquiry,we learn that he was elected to a new leading post.On inquiry,we learn that he was elected to a new leading post.on inquiry 经询问;经调查,5)用汉语思维导致的用词错误,We are going to visit the exhibition next week.We are going to see the exhibition next week.,5)用汉语思维导致的用词错误,In the basketball game,our team won the British teamIn the basketball game,our team beat the British team赢得一场比赛：win the game/match打赢某人：win over sb.(不能说win sb.),5)用汉语思维导致的用词错误,学会用英语思考，切忌把写作变成直线翻译,6种常见句子错误分析,1）非完整句错误2）主动和被动错误3）主谓不一致错误4）修饰语问题5）错用平行结构6）代词指代不明,1）非完整句错误,非完整句是指以完整句的形式出现的部分句子成分或非独立成分。一个意思和结构完整的句子至少有主语和谓语两部分，当然祈使句除外。若将句子中的某部分当做一个句子，就会导致非完整句的错误。,1）非完整句错误,1）非独立性从句单独成句2）现在分词独立成句3）细节补充独立成句4）无主语,1）非完整句错误,非独立性从句是指那些由关系代词（who,whom,whose,which,what,that),关系副词（where,when,how）或从属连词（after,before,although,as,if,because,until,unless等）引导的句子。这些句子只能在主句中起一个句子成分的作用，因而不能脱离主句而独立存在。一旦脱离主句就会出现非完整句错误。,1）非完整句错误,We must try hard to learn English well.Because it will be very useful in our future work.We must try hard to learn English well,because it will be very useful in our future work.,If there isnt Roll-Call system on campus,and could build some bad habits,such as addicted to network.,1）非完整句错误,粗心或过于匆忙多用心，多检查,2）现在分词独立成句,现在分词短语以及它的独立机构在句子中往往充当状语，表示原因、目的、结果、伴随状况等。,2）现在分词独立成句,They got up early that morning.Hoping to catch up the 6:30 train to Hong Kong.They got up early that morning,hoping to catch up the 6:30 train to Hong Kong.,2）现在分词独立成句,对于现在分词短语形式的非完整句，最好的办法就是改一下标点和大小写，视语义关系的紧密程度把它并入前面或后面一句，使其充当句子的附属成分。当然也可以加入它的逻辑主语，让它真正独立成句。,3）细节补充独立句,句子的细节补充部分，例如举例，罗列，补充说明等一般是既不含主语也不含谓语的一组词语的罗列，如果以句子的形式出现肯定是错句。,3）细节补充独立句,It is hard to keep with monthly payments.Such as telephone,electric,and gas bill.It is hard to keep with monthly payments,such as telephone,electric,and gas bill.,3）细节补充独立句,误以为一个句子的主语和谓语可以同时对随后的一组词语起作用。与汉语讲究“意合”的语言不同，英语严格要求“形合”，即每一个句子都要有自己的主，谓语，否则就被视为错句，非完整句。,4）无主语,Tom dreamed of the day that he would have lots of money.And would use it to buy a nice house.While sitting in class,she realized she had lost a ring.But happily found it on the floor after class.,4）无主语,Tom dreamed of the day that he would have lots of money,and would use it to buy a nice house.While sitting in class,she realized she had lost a ring.But she happily found it on the floor after class.,Some of them firmly believe that such a system is a perfect way to supervise students whether they take courses or not to urge them to study hard especially who can not control themselves well.,主语？,When they cant,4）无主语,受汉语影响，误以为既然动作由同一主体发出，前句的主语就可以同样作用于后句。并列句中可以使用，但不可以单独成句。,2）主动和被动错误,As soon as the written examination has been finished by the student,he must take the oral examination.We climbed to the top of the mountain and a tent was rented for the night.,2）主动和被动错误,As soon as the student has finished the written examination,he must take the oral examination.We climbed to the top of the mountain and rented for the night.,2）主动和被动错误,在句子写作中，要避免语态的转换，因为语态的转换会不可避免地造成主语的转换，这些转换都会破坏句子的连贯性，从而使句子显得拙劣，别扭。不提倡使用被动语态。没必要指明动作发出者时可用被动。,2）主动和被动错误（建议）,凡是有必要指出动作的发出者时，尽量使用主动语态。如果没有必要指出动作的发出者时，可以恰当运用被动语态。在一个句子内部一定要避免语态（及主语）的转换。,3）主谓不一致错误,1）存现句中的谓语一致2）带修饰语的主语与谓语一致3）主谓一致问题中的就近原则4）不定代词作主语时的主谓一致5）定语从句的主谓一致6）集合名词作主语时的主谓一致,1）存现句中的谓语一致,存现句中，如果有数个主语并列，动词的数一般与离它最近的那个一致。但主语如果是几个并列的单数名词，谓语用复数。,1）存现句中的谓语一致,There are a small bed,a wooden table and two old-fashioned chairs in my bed-room.There is a small bed,a wooden table and two old-fashioned chairs in my bed-room.There are a boy,a girl and a teacher in the classroom.,2）带修饰语的主语与谓语一致,当一个主语后跟以with,as well as,together with,like,rather than,except,including,accompanied by,besides等词语开始的修饰语时，谓语动词的数与主语本身保持一致。,2）带修饰语的主语与谓语一致,John as well as the rest have agreed to come.John as well as the rest has agreed to come.,2）带修饰语的主语与谓语一致,主语中如果有all of,most of,lots of,some of等修饰限定语，谓语动词的数应与这些词之后的名词一致。,2）带修饰语的主语与谓语一致,Most of the water in this area are polluted.Most of the water in this area is polluted.,3）主谓一致问题中的就近原则,由neithernor,eitheror,not onlybut also等平行结构作主语时，谓语动词应与离它最近的那部分主语保持一致。,3）主谓一致问题中的就近原则,Not only the students but also the teacher have doubts.Not only the students but also the teacher has doubts.,4）不定代词作主语时的主谓一致,不定代词和复合代词作主语时，谓语一律用单数：one,no one,nobody,nothing,anyone,anything,everyone,everybody,someone,something,each,either,neither等。,4）不定代词作主语时的主谓一致,None of her friends have been to New York.None of her friends has been to New York.,5）定语从句的主谓一致,在定语从句中，关系代词who,that 或which 后的动词要与该关系代词所指代的先行词在人称和数上保持一致。,5）定语从句的主谓一致,Computer can do many tasks which is impossible to do by hand.Computer can do many tasks which are impossible to do by hand.,6）集合名词作主语时的主谓一致,集合名词以单数形式出现，却常常表达复数的含义。一般来说，当这类名词用来表达整体概念时，后面的动词用单数；而当它们被用来指其组织成员时，谓语就用复数。这类集合名词主要有audience,family,class,heard,crowd,troop,team等,6）集合名词作主语时的主谓一致,My family never intend to have anything to do with business.My family never intends to have anything to do with business.,4）修饰语问题,修饰语悬垂如果修饰语放在句首，它的修饰对象必须紧跟其后，否则，这修饰就失去了“依靠”，表达的意思也会被歪曲，模糊纠正方法：1）对句子结构作必要的改动，使状语和逻辑主语一致2）给状语加一个适当的逻辑主语，使之成为一个独立结构3）将状语改成一个从句,4）修饰语问题,Fs:While talking on the telephone,the chicken soup boiled over.Looking out of the window,the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.To swim properly,a course of instruction is necessary.,4）修饰语问题,While I was talking on the telephone,the chicken soup boiled over.We looking out of the window,the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.To swim properly,one needs a course of instruction is necessary.(if one wants to swim properly,a course of instruction is necessary),5）错用平行结构,平行结构要求并列部分在结构和意义上都必须完全相同。若干个平行部分中如果有一个与其他不同，就破坏了平行结构,5）错用平行结构,Tom enjoys playing football,swimming and to read novels.Tom enjoys playing football,swimming and reading novels.,6）代词指代不明,代词的功能是用来代替上文提到过的名词的，它避免了重复。遵循英语写作简洁这一原则，充分利用代词无疑是很必要的。注意使用代词时出现指代不明的现象,6）代词指代不明,He was knocked down by a bicycle,but it was not serious.(F)He was knocked down by a bicycle,but was not serious.,6）代词指代不明,He asked his brother whether he could send the girl home(F)He asked his brother to allow him to send the girl homeHe asked his brother to send the girl home,