汉英翻译句子翻译ppt课件.pptx

汉英翻译汉英第一章 句子翻译,1.1.1句子的概念 汉语句子强调语义，表示语义终止的标点符号根据句子的语义和语气来确定，具有突出的以意统形的特点。英语句子的定义是，A sentence is a group of words which,when they are written down,begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop,question mark,or exclamation mark.Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.,1.1 汉英句子的对比,1.1.2 句子的基本类型(1)汉语句子和英语句子都分为陈述句、感叹句、祈使句和疑问句。汉语句子分类突出的是句子的语气和用途。英语句子划分首先决定于形，强调其形式特征之后，相关的话语功能才得到陈述。,陈述句：告诉别人一件事的句子。感叹句：抒发某种强烈感情的句子。祈使句：表示命令和请求的句子。疑问句：提出问题的句子。,Declaratives are sentences in which the subject is present and generally precedes the verb.They are used to convey information.Interrogatives are sentences which are formally marked in one of two ways:yes-no interrogatives and wh-interrogatives.They are used to seek information on a special point.Imperatives are sentences which usually have no overt grammatical subject,and whose verb has the base form.They are used to instruct sb.to do sth.Exclamatives are sentences which have an initial phrase introduced by what or how,usually with subject-verb order.They are used for expressing the extent to which the speaker is impressed by something.,(2)汉语句子按结构分，比较复杂。在汉语语法体系中，有语素，词，短语，小句，复句，句群，句子语气。其中起主导作用的语言单位，就是小句。小句是“最小的能够独立表达一个意思的一个语法单位。一个语素，一个词，或者一个短语，都会成为小句”。小句也是其它所有语法实体的“联络中心”。小句特点：第一，表述性，表明一个意旨，体现一个意图。第二，独立性，它不包含在另一个小句中。第三，它是最小的表述性语法单位。,词或短语构成的小句,小句因某种关系与其它小句合用，生成复句。例子：王明是男孩，张薇是女孩，他们都在四班。（Wang Ming is a boy and Zhang Wei is a girl.Both of them are in Class Four.）虽然他脾气急躁，但心眼却挺好。（Although he is short-tempered,he is kind-hearted.）汉语复句包括联合，偏正和补充复句。翻译时需要适当调整句式。英语句子按结构也可分为简单句和复杂句。中但是，无论句式如何变化其基本句型也只有七种。,subject+verbsubject+verb+objectsubject+verb+complementsubject+verb+adverbialsubject+verb+indirect object+direct objectsubject+verb+object+adverbialsubject+verb+object+complement 汉译英时，无论句式多么复杂，均可用以上七种基本句型译出，要注意主谓语搭配。例如：内战使他们的生意萧条。,Trans.a.Their business has suffered much through the he Civil War.b.The Civil War has affected their business to a remarkable extent.c.The Civil War has rendered their business dull.d.The Civil War has done their business harm.e.The effect of the Civil War upon their business has been depressing.,1.1.3句子特征（1）汉语和英语句子特征均受语法的影响。汉语语法突出特点是隐含性（covertness),隐含性特征体现在词性与词形无关，词语的语法功能不容易辨别，时态语态和语气往往没有明显的符号标记。如：我想借你的词典用一下。,Trans:I want to use your dictionary.I wonder if I can use your dictionary.,英语句子呈外显性特征（overtness）,时态、格、性、数、体、态的曲折变化。,（2）汉语重语义结构，英语重语法结构。如：平日（我）多嘴多舌，（我）只不过要他们懂些商海沉浮。,Trans:All this everyday chattering is but meant to remind them that ups and downs is the way of the business world.,(3)汉语句子建立在意念主轴（thought-pivot）上，英语句子建立在形式主轴（form-pivot）上.如：我常见许多青年朋友，聪明用功，成绩优异，而语文程度不足以达意，甚至写一封信亦难以通顺，问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。,Trans.I have come across a great many bright and dligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies,but are rather weak in Chinese.They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese.When I asked them why,they said they were not interested in the Chinese language.1.1.4句子扩展模式汉语句子：句首开放英语句子：句尾开放,1.2句子的言内意义,言内意义：是指符号与文本中其他符号之间的关系，它反映在语音层、词汇层和语法层。（1）英语中的头韵尾韵等均是言内意义在语音层面的体现，又如英语中的/m/,/l/声音柔和，/a:/声音沉重，/i/声音清脆，/u/听起来强壮阴沉，而/k/被认为最具男子气概。汉语的平声高昂洪亮，仄声低沉。汉英不同的语音特征使言内意义产生的语用意义很难传译。同形异义词和同音异义词也是言内意义的反应。汉语的修辞格粘连回环等也是符号言内意义的体现。汉字是象形会意指事形声相结合的方块字，与英语拼音本质不同。汉字的形美是英译时无法表达的。汉语独有的拆字都不可英译。,Examples:,长相思（白居易）汴水流，泗水流，流到瓜州古渡头。吴山点点愁。思悠悠，恨悠悠，恨到归时方始休。月明人倚楼。,trans.Everlasting Longing See the Bian River flow,And the Si River flow!By Ancient Ferry,mingling waves,they go,The Southern Hills reflect my woe.My thought stretches endlessly,My grief wretches endlessly,So thus my husband comes to me,Alone on moon-lit balcony.(语音),空对着，山中高士晶莹雪；终不忘，世外仙姝寂寞林。哼！你别看我耳朵聋-可我的心不聋啊！张俊民道：胡子老官，这事在你作法便了。做成了，少不了言身寸。王胡子道：“我那个要你谢！”,Vainly facing the hermit in sparkling snow-clad hills I forget not the fairy in lone woods beyond the world.,Humph!My years are deaf,but my mind is not.,“Handle it as you”think best,Whiskers.If you put it off,Ill not fail to thank you.As if I wanted thanks from you!,(2)句子的排列特征也体现其言内意义。短句简短有力，节奏明快，有助于形成奔放的气势；长句结构紧凑，能表达严密的思想，详细的内容，一气呵成；叠句洋洋洒洒，显得语言腴厚而内容充实；紧缩句则显得凝练含蓄，干净利落。如：山，刺破青天锷未残。天欲堕，赖以柱其间。,Peaks Piercing the blue without blunting the blade,The sky would fall But for this colonade.,在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一是株也是枣树。一粥一饭，当思来处不易；半丝半缕，恒念物力维艰。,Trans.:a.Through the window I can see two trees in my backyard.The one is a date tree,the other is also a date tree.b.Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees:one is a date tree,the other is also a date tree.,Remember that every bowl of rice and porridge has not been got easily.Be ever mindful that each cotton or silk garment has taken much material and labour to make.,1.3 主语的确定1.3.1 汉英主语的对比 1.汉语为语义型语言，注重内容的意会性。汉语的主语是被陈述的话题，是谓语说明的对象。由诸多不同词类短语充当，换言之，置于句首有话题特征的词或词组都是主语。主语隐含不显或无主语句的情况也时常可见。汉语的主语可分为9种，如果加上语用一起考虑，可归纳为四大块。2.英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，注重形式严谨。主语必须由名词或名词性短语充当。英语主语主要有七大类：,1.3.2 主语的翻译,1.3.2.1 以原文主语做译文主语Eg.1.中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。2.人有失手，马有漏蹄。,China can be counted on.Among other things,first,it upholds principles and second,it honors its words.,As a horse may tumble,so a man may make mistakes.,1.3.2.2重新确定主语 以人称所有格“的”字结构做主语的汉语句子译成有灵主语。在英语思维中，句中的谓语动词由人完成。Eg.1.我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。2.他的身材魁梧，生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌肤呈着紫檀色。,We have won one victory after another for our course.,He was a giant of a man with a long square face,a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the color of red sandalwood.,1.3.2.2 重新确定主语 英美人强调客观，常以物或抽象概念做主语。Eg.1.世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。2.在南京发生过很多重大的历史事件。,a.The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.b.At the turn of the century,Chia is very active in its diplomatic activities.,Nanjing saw many great historical events.,1.3.2.3 增补主语 汉语中主语隐含不显或无主语情况时常可见。需推敲语境，考虑英语语法习惯和行文需要增补主语。如：1.到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，户户垂杨，比那江南风景，觉得更为有趣。,When he reached Jinan and entered the city,there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door,which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south.,1.3.2.3 增补主语 2.沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。3.活到老，学到老。4.起大风了。,Silence,silence!Unless we burst out,we shall perish in this silence!,One is never too old to learn.,Its blowing hard.,1.3.2.3 增补主语 5.在河边站着许多人。6.一星期没洗澡，一身臭汗。7.不知不觉已入隆冬。,There many people standing by the riverside.,I am smelling of seven-day-old sweat.,Time went by and before I was aware of it winter was waning.,1.4 谓语的确定,1.4.1汉英谓语对比 谓语是对主语的陈述，说明主语的情况。1.汉语谓语独立性很强，无形态变化，丝毫不受主语的支配。而英语的谓语有人称、性数的变化，且必须与主语保持一致。2.汉语谓语成分复杂，主要有名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语和主谓短语等。而英语谓语单一，只能由动词或动词性短语充当。,e.g.他来自上海。我来自黑龙江。,e.g.他今年二十了。我爸爸今天不在家。武汉这个地方，我认为比深圳好。,1.4 谓语的确定,3.汉语谓语若由动词短语充当，则变化最多，除一般的动宾结构外，有的动词带有双宾语，有的以主谓短语作宾语，又得是连动短语或兼语短语等等，这主要是因为汉语的动词没有形态标志，且完全不受主谓一致的束缚。而英语中的动词则有严谨的定式和非定式形态，因此尤其是在处理连动式和兼语式的时候要首先确定主要动词，其他的动词则用不定式、分词、介词、名词等译出。,e.g.他已经请了假坐火车回四川老家探亲。我请他帮忙。,He has already asked for leave to go home by train to see his parents in Sichuan.,I asked him to lend me a hand.,1.4 谓语的确定,4.汉语谓语动词多用主动式,但有时也用被动结构，汉语的被动式分为两种有形式标志的被动式和无形式标志的被动式 e.g.碗打破了。The bowl is broken.英语中的被动句用的比较多且有形式标志。,1.4 谓语的确定,从上述四点我们可以看出，汉语和英语的谓语存在着较大差异，在翻译时，一定要考虑搭配、习惯表达方式、逻辑语法关系等多种因素，找到意义相符功能相似的词或短语。（汉语主语的句法功能很弱，构成复杂，在分析句子时，可先找出谓语，因为谓语是汉语句子的核心，确定谓语有助于识别主语及其他成分）谓语的选择和确定，需兼顾表意和构句的二重需要，即考虑英语语法规范、搭配习惯和逻辑关系等问题。所谓“表意的需要”，指选择谓语时，除考虑词语本身能否准确传达原文意义外，还要关照其与主语的语义关联，亦即逻辑的关联，以及主谓词语的搭配。此外，谓语动词和宾语的搭配，联系动词和表语的搭配，以及这两种搭配所产生的修辞效果，也都影响和制约谓语的选择。而“构句的需要”，则指谓语的确定必须符合英语句法的需要，必须遵循主谓一致的原则，符合英语语法规范。,1.4.1 谓语的确定应 基于表意的需要,1.4.1.1 考虑谓语能否准确传达原意，表意是否贴切。,e.g.1.中央政府不干涉香港特别行政区的事务。2.中国将融入世界经济的大潮。,A.The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.B.The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.,A.The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy.B.The economy of China will converge with that of the world.,1.4.1 谓语的确定应 基于表意的需要,1.4.1.1 考虑谓语能否准确传达原意，表意是否贴切。,e.g.3.这事到了现在，还是时时记起。4.（颐和园）1900年遭八国联军破坏，（至1903年才得以修复）。,A.Even now,this remains fresh in my memory.B.Even now,I still often think about this.,A.The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.B.The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.,1.4.2 谓语的确定应 基于构句的需要,译文必须遵守英语语法规范，遵循“主谓一致”的原则，保证谓语和主语的人称和数一致，谓语动词时态、语态正确，句式连贯顺畅，表达地道自然。由于汉语的句法特征为意合，结构松散，谓语不受主语支配且无时态、性、数变化，因此强化英语句法概念至关重要。,E.g.1.一年年，燕子来了去了 一年年，阶前草绿了黄了,Year after year the swallows come and go;Year after year the grass before the terrace grows green,yellows.,1.4.2 谓语的确定应 基于构句的需要,2.液体的形状总是随着容器的变化而变化，因为液态没有自己的固定形状。换言之，无论你把它放在什么样的容器中，它的形状总是和容器内壁的形状完全一样。3.关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分重视。,Since a liquid has no definite shape of its own,it varies in shape from container to container.In other words,in whatever container it is poured,the liquid will take exactly the interior shape of the container.,A.Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.B.The municipal government has paid full attention to the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.,1.4.3 特殊句式的翻译,1.4.3.1 连动式谓语的翻译 连动式谓语是在同一主语下几个动词连用成谓语，它是一种复杂谓语，其复杂性体现在这些动词的关系上。连用的动词之间，有并列关系，也有其他关系（包括条件、方式、承接、因果、假设和目的等），还有的动词虽然按动作发生的先后顺序排列，其关系不一定并列，要视表达的内容和语境而定。2.他一到上海就去看他的老师。,He visited his teacher as soon as he arrived in Shanghai.,1.他天天写信会客。,He writes letters and receive visitors everyday.,1.4.3 特殊句式的翻译,1.4.3.2 兼语式谓语的翻译 兼语式是指一个成分在句中兼有两种功能。在述宾短语中，若宾语与后面的动词或动词短语组成主谓短语，该宾语就成为兼语。e.g.1.老师叫你马上去。2.人们都认为他是个天才。3.多谢妈妈提醒。,Thank you for your reminder,Mum.,The teacher wants you to go at once.,People all consider him a genius.,1.5 语序,语序是指句子成分的排列次序，它是词语和句子成分之间的体现，反映语言使用者的逻辑思维和心理结构思维。（陈宏薇，1998）。语序是汉语的重要组合手段。汉语的语序是固定的，既反映了一定的逻辑事理，又体现了人们在长期使用语言过程中语言习惯。英语的语序比较灵活。,1.5语序,1.5.1 单句中的语序,汉语句中的事件与行为均按其发生的先后顺序排列它反映了人们逻辑思维的过程及事件发展的客观规律。若句中的成分的大小宽窄距离有别汉语的语序应该从最大到最小，从最宽到最窄，从最远到最近，但英语语序恰好相反。,e.g.1.他起身拿了雨伞就走了。2.没有票怎么去看电影呢？3.我吃了午饭就去给你买药。,e.g.他在绥化学院外国语系办公室工作.,1.5语序,1.5.1 单句中的语序,有一些并列成分的组合，隐含着逻辑事理的制约，并列的概念之间有轻重、主次、高低、强弱大小的差别。英译时语序保持不变。,e.g.从小学一年级到进入大学，一个中国学生要经历多次期中考试、期末考试和毕业考试，还有三次犹如生死搏斗的升学考试，谁的分数高，谁就能升入重点中学或重点大学。,From first grade to college a Chinese student has to pass many mid-term,final and graduation exams and three life-or-death entrance examinations in order to enter junior and senior middle school and college.The only way to get into a key middle school and key college or university is to pass the entrance examinations with top scores.,1.5语序,1.5.1 单句中的语序,1.5.1.1状语位置的调整 汉语状语的位置一般在主语和述语中心词之间，有时为了强调，也放在主语之前。英语状语位置比较灵活。翻译时需调整语序。他们肩并肩地以疯狂的速度向那座石塔奔去。,e.g.他们很细心地观察化学变化。,A.They observed the chemical reaction with great care.B.They observed with great care the chemical reaction.,A.They ran side by side at a fantastic speed towards the stone pagoda.B.Side by side and at a fantastic speed they ran towards the stone pagoda.C.Side by side they ran at a fantastic speed towards the stone pagoda.,1.5语序,1.5.1 单句中的语序,1.5.1.1状语位置的调整 表示时间地点方式的状语同时使用时，汉语中通常排列为“时间-地点-方式-中心词”的顺序，而在英语中则恰好相反。大会将于今年三月在北京隆重开幕。,e.g.她每天早晨在校园里朗读。,She reads aloud on the campus every morning.,The meeting will begin ceremoniously in Beijing the following September.,1.5语序,1.5.1 单句中的语序,1.5.1.1状语位置的调整 表示时间地点方式的状语同时使用时，汉语中通常排列为“时间-地点-方式-中心词”的顺序，而在英语中则恰好相反。,他一九三五年八月二十二日早晨六点三十分诞生在湖南的一个小县城。,He was born in a small town of Hunan Province at six thirty on the morning of August 22,1935.,1.5语序,1.5.1 单句中的语序,1.5.1.2 定语位置的调整 汉语定语总是放在中心词的前面。英语定于的位置较汉语灵活。英语中定语若是形容词，一般都可按照限制性定语-描述性定语-类属性定语-中心词的语序排列。若定语是短语或从句，在汉语中他们一般至于中心词前，而英语中可置于中心词前也可置于中心词后。,e.g.1.这些枯燥无味的法语教材 2.中国现存规模最大、保存最完好的古代建筑群,these dull French teaching materials,the best-preserved magnificent ancient architectural complexes in China.,1.5语序,1.5.1 单句中的语序,1.5.1.2 定语位置的调整,e.g.3.一九四九年解放以前，中国人民曾经遭受世界罕见的恶性通货膨胀的灾祸。4.公园里几乎同时开放的几千朵美丽的红玫瑰吸引了许多游人。,Before liberation in 1949 the Chinese people suffered from some of the worst inflation the world had ever known.,Several thousands of beautiful red roses that blossomed almost at the same time in the park attracted many visitors.,1.5语序,1.5.2 复句中的语序,就分句的相对位置而言，汉语的顺序相对比较固定，一般按照先因后果、语序与时序相一致的顺序排列。而英语则比较灵活，语序和时序常常不一致。翻译时酌情处理。复句中分句之间的关系，若靠关联词语来体现，则很容易辨别，英译时可用意义相符的关联词语反映这一关系。有时汉语中的关联词语英译时可以略去，其组合关系体现在上下文中。,e.g.1.他的性格，在我的眼里和心里是伟大的，虽然他的姓名并不为许多人所知道。,In my eyes he is a great man,and I feel this in my heart,though his name is not known to many people.,1.5语序,3.我把电话打通了，她感激地谢了我，回头就走。4.要下雨了，快把门窗关好。5.我告诉他，家有老母常年患病，我离国已六七年，想回去看老母，至多两年就出来。,I made the phone call and got through to the doctor.The girl gratefully thanked me and turned to leave straight away.,Its going to rain.Go and close the door and the windows.,I told him that I had been abroad for six or seven years and that I had to go home to see my old mother,who had been ill for a long time.However,I assured him that I would come back in two years.,1.6 变式句的翻译,汉语单句中的各种成分一般按固定的顺序排列，但在一定的语境中，为了强调某一成分所表达的意义，人们将其提前或挪后，还加上一定的停顿，这种改变了正常语序的句子称为变式句。变式句的表情功能和美感功能比常式句强，但信息功能未变。翻译时不能改变语义。,e.g.1.多美啊，这花海！2.我还期待着新的东西到来，无名的，意外的。3.荷塘四面，长着许多树，蓊蓊郁郁的。,I was waiting for something new,something nameless and unexpected.,How beautiful the sea of flower is!,Around the pond grows a profusion of luxuriant trees.,1.6“是”字句的翻译,“是”字句是汉语的一种特殊句式，他由判断动词“是”与其后的宾语构成述宾短语做谓语，表示主语和宾语之间有同一关系或从属关系。翻译成英语时一般可用 to be，也可用别的词语。e.g.1.有人说，翻译是一种困难而又复杂的艺术，说这话的人就是张明。2.虹是一种自然现象。3.有人喜欢海 是风平浪静的时候 有人喜欢海 是波涛汹涌的时候,Rainbow is a phenomenon of nature.,Somebody has said that translation is a difficult and complex art.The man who has said that is Zhangming.,Some like the sea When it is calm and tranquil.Others like it When the wave are roaring.,1.7 是字句的翻译,“是”在不同句子中有不同的意义。尤其是在口语中，表示天气、时令、日期、籍贯、年龄等意义的句子中往往不用判断词“是”；而有时又会出现不合逻辑的表示法。翻译时应该视情况而定。如：1.今天天晴。2.喏，给你钱。他是三十元，我是二十五。Here is our payment.Hes to pay thirty yuan;I twenty-five.3.“它是太丑了。”天文学家说。“真的，是太丑了。”“可这正是它的美！”天文学家说，“它是以丑为美的。”“以丑为美？”“是的，丑到极处，便是美到极处。正因为它不是一般 的顽石，当然不会 去做墙，做台阶，不能去雕刻，锤布。它不是做这些小玩意的，所以常常就遭到一般世俗的讥讽。,Its fine today.,“Its too ugly,”The astronomer said.“Sure,its really too ugly.”“But thats just where its beauty lies!”The astronomer said,“its beauty comes from its ugliness.”“Beauty fom ugliness?”“Yes.When something becomes the ugliest,it turns out the most beautiful indeed.The stone is not an ordinary piece of insensate stone,it shouldnt be used to build a wall or pave the steps,to carve words or flowers or to wash clothes on.Its not the material for those petty common things,and no wonder its ridiculed often by people with petty common views.”,1.8 否定句的 翻译,汉语中的否定概念通过词汇手段表达，否定句带有否定字词的标记，如，“不、无、没、否、莫、勿、未、毋、弗、绝不、毫无、否则、并非、没有、未尝”等等。汉语否定句一般分为两类：一类是单重否定句，另一类是双重否定句。英语表达否定概念通常有两种手段。一种如同汉语，采用词汇手段，借助 no,not,never,nor,neither 等否定词，和具有否定意义的词语，如 hardly,rarely,seldom,barely,scarcely,narrowly,few,little等，以及由前缀no-,non-,in-,dis-,un-,im-和后缀-less等组成的词语。英语中含否定意义的词汇还包括其他各类词语和词组：动词：lack,fail,deny,miss,exclude,run short,keep/stop/refrain/prevent from,get rid of,want,overlook 名词：absence,exclusion,lack,want,failure,ignorance,denial,1.8 否定句的 翻译,形容词：absent,missing,ignorant,gone,free/far/safe from,short of,exclusive of 介词：beyond,without,above,except,save,but,in vain 连词：before,unless,other than,or 二是采用句法手段：如运用比较结构 more.than.,other than.,rather than.,would rather than.,know better than.,在这类结构中，连词than 引出意义否定的部分。其他结构，如too.to.,too.for.以及由连词if 引导的表示赌咒、发誓、感叹的句型等，也可用来表示否定意义。例如：He is too young to take care of himself.He said hed be damned if hed stop.Catch me doing that.汉语否定句的翻译，通常可以采取以下方法。,1.8 否定句的 翻译,1.8.1