电大本科汉语言文学《汉语专题》试题及答案小抄参考.doc

汉语专题(2) 试题答案及评分标准 （供参考）一、（每题5分，共20分） 1汉字是什么类型的文字，依据是什么？ 汉字是表意类型的文字。因为汉字字符的性质主要是表意字符，某些表音字符，某些记号字本来也是从表意字和表音字变化来的。所以汉字是意音文字。 2平水韵是怎样形成的韵部系统？在什么时候产生？应用在哪一种文体上？ “平水韵”系统是合并广韵的“同用”各韵，并且另外略作调整而形成的韵部系统，把206韵合并为106韵。它产生于金代。这个系统主要用在近体诗的押韵，律诗、律体绝句、排律等押韵一般要遵守平水韵。 3对于叠音词需要注意什么问题？ 对于叠音词，需要注意以下几点； 第一，有一部分叠音词是单纯词，两个字只是记音，分开讲没有意义。 第二，有一部分叠音词，用字同联绵词一样，也不十分固定，一个词往往有几种书写形式。 4什么是“别言”？什么是“浑言”？ “别言”、“浑言”是古代解释词义时用的术语。“别言”是分开讲，讲的是词的个性。“浑言”讲的是词的共性。二、（注韵脚和所押的韵部错一处扣1分，不倒扣。共4分） 5 太常引·一轮秋影 辛弃疾 一轮秋影转金波，（韵脚：波。戈韵） 飞镜又重磨。（韵脚：磨。戈韵） 把酒问妲娥：（韵脚：娥。歌韵） 被白发，欺人奈何！（韵脚：何。歌韵） 乘风好去， 长空万里， 直下看山河。（韵脚：河。歌韵） 斫去桂婆娑，（韵脚：娑。歌韵） 人道是、清光更多。（韵脚：多。歌韵）三、（每词2分，说明句中义和今义1分，说明古今变化或区别字（写出一项即可）1分。共10 分） 6中间：（句）从见面到“发病”。（今）中间。句中是两个词。现代汉语是一个词。 7乐府：（句）指汉代采诗的一种音乐机关。（今）指一种诗体。词义转移。 8媚：（句）亲爱、喜爱。（今）取悦于人。情感色彩不同。 9左：（句）辅佐。（今）方位。区别字写作“佐”。 10诬：（句）指说话夸大失实。（今）欺骗。词义加重。四、（每个2分，说明不完整的扣1分。共10分） 11.妻：名词活用为动词。依据：前面有副词“可”。 12.甲：名词活用为动词；穿铠甲。依据：名词出现在副词后面，活用作动词。 一 13.馆：名词活用为动词；驻扎。依据：名词位于介宾结构“于虞”前，活用作动词。 14.贵、贱、卑、尊：形容词活用为意动动词。依据：名词、形容词出现在助词“所”后面，活用作动词。 15.高：形容词活用为意动动词，认为高的。依据：形容词出现在助词“所之后，一般活用为意动动词。五、（每词2分。指出1分，说明类型1分。共6分） 16谁：谁：疑问句中疑问代词宾语前置。 17是：用“之”复指前置宾语。 18.我：否定句中代词宾语前置。六、（每词2分。说明词性、在句中的意义和作用各1分。共8分） 19.之：助词，组成“之”字结构；充当状语 20咸：副词；表范围；都。 21以：介词；引介依据。 22是：指示代词，复指前置宾语。七、（本题共42分） 23.本文共13个给分句，每句标点1分，翻译1分（标点以给分句为单位，错一处扣一分，不倒扣。翻译的意思对了即可给分）共26分。 原文1： （癸酉，）师陈于章。邴夏御齐侯，逢丑父为右。晋解张御克，郑丘缓为右。齐侯日：“余姑翦灭此而朝食！”不介马而驰之。邰克伤于矢，流血及屦，未绝鼓音。日：“余病矣！”张侯日：“自始合，而矢贯余手及肘，余折以御，左轮朱殷。岂敢言病？吾子忍之。”缓日：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车。子岂识之？然子病矣！”张侯日：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之，可以集事。若之何其以病败君之大事也？擐甲执兵，固即死也。病未及死，吾子勉之！”左并辔，右援桴而鼓。马逸不能止，师从之。齐师败绩。逐之，三周华不注。 参考译文： 癸酉，齐晋两国的军队在章摆开了阵势。邴夏为齐侯驾车，逢丑父为车右。晋解张为部克驾车，郑丘缓为车右。齐侯说：“我姑且消灭晋军再吃早饭！”不给马披上甲胄就驱马进击。郁克被箭射伤了，血一直流到鞋上，仍然没有中断鼓。说：“我受重伤了！”张侯说：“从一开始交战，箭就射穿了我的手和肘，我折断了箭继续驾车，左边的车轮都染红了。哪里敢说受重伤了？您还是努力作战吧！郑丘缓说：“从一开始交战，如果遇到难以通行的道路，我一定下来推车。您难道知道这些吗？可是您受重伤了！”张侯说：“全军士卒的耳朵都听着我们的鼓音，眼睛都看着我们的旗帜，前进还是后退，都听从他的指挥。这辆车一个人镇守它，可以成就大事。怎么能因为受了重伤而败坏国君的大事呢？穿上铠甲，拿起武器，本来就抱着必死的决心。伤势还没到死的地步，您还是努力吧！”左手把缰绳并握在一起，右手拽过鼓槌就敲起来。马狂奔不能停止，军队跟随着主帅的车追了上去。齐国的军队溃败。晋国的军队追击齐国的军队，围着华不注山绕了三圈。 24.本文共8个给分句，每句标点1分，翻译1分（标点以给分句为单位，错一处扣一分，不倒扣。翻译的意思对了即可给分）共16分 原文2： “越国以鄙远，君知其难也；焉用亡郑以陪邻？邻之厚，君之薄也。若舍郑以为东道主，行李之往来，共其乏困，君亦无所害。且君尝为晋君赐矣，许君焦、瑕，朝济而夕设版焉，君之所知也。夫晋何厌之有！既东封郑，又欲肆其西封；若不阙秦，将焉取之？阙秦以利晋，唯君图之。”秦伯说，与郑人盟。使杞子、逢孙、杨孙戍之，乃还。 参考译文： “越过一个国家把远方作为自己的边邑，您会知道它的难处；为什么要用灭亡郑国来增益邻国呢？邻国的加强就是国君您的削弱。如果若舍弃郑国把它作为东方道路上的主人，外交使节的往来，郑国供应他们的馆舍和资粮的不足，您也没有损害。而且您曾经给予晋君恩赐，晋君答应给您焦、瑕两地，但早晨渡过黄河回国，晚上便筑起了防御工事，这是您所知道的。那晋国哪有满足的时候！已经在东边把郑国作为边界，又想扩大它西面的边界；如果不损害秦国，将从哪里取得想要的土地呢？损害秦国来使晋国得到好处，希望您考虑这件事。”秦伯高兴了，和郑人结了盟。派杞子、逢孙：杨孙戍守郑国，就回国了。Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis' 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnley's effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competition's top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.待添加的隐藏文字内容1But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011."I'd give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend," said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday."I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport."For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during City's 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA." Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by England's Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos' focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. They've been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.