高考英语必看之知语法识结构网络图五星推荐.ppt

从概貌着眼,高中英语知识结构网络图,朝细节入手,向运用延伸,湖南湘乡三中高三英语组 周洪敦,2023/2/28,2,词汇量：3500多单词 300短语 四会词语：2000多单词,11.构词法,12.简单句13.并列句14.复合句,词类,1.冠词和名词（2093个）,动词（818个）,8.代词和数词,9.介词和连词,10.形容词和 副词,4.非谓语动词,5.动词时态,7.情态动词,15.定语从句16.名词性从句17.状语从句,高中英语,语言知识,语言运用,100110 wpm 短对话，长对话，短文,教材/空中英语 2030 mpd,疯狂英语 希望英语,1.书虫（50本）21世纪报Teens 2.每天三篇300字左右的高考阅读训练,1.课外阅读量 TW:300,000,2.5060 wpm(300w/8m),18虚拟语气,100120 w 记叙文 应用文 议论文等,背诵经典句型；每周一篇习作,听力,口语,阅读,写作,词法,句法,2.系动词,3.助动词,实义动词,6.动词语态,高考要求,方法指南,高考要求,方法指南,方法指南,方法指南,高考要求,22.强调,20.主谓一致,21.倒装,23.省略,2023/2/28,3,1.When Linda was a child,her mother always let her have _ bed.a.the breakfast in b.the breakfast in the c.breakfast in d.breakfast in the,在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，一般不加冠词，如have dinner，play chess。但是如果是指具体的某一顿，需要加冠词。如：I had a very big breakfast.,c,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,4,2.He has promised to give up _ hundreds of times.a.a tobacco b.tobacco c.the tobacco d.tobaccos,物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。例如：Man cannot live without water.离开水人就无法生存。,b,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,5,3._ usually go to church every Sunday.a.The Brown b.A Brown c.Browns d.The Browns,用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如：the Greens 格林一家人（或格林夫妇）。,d,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,6,4.He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good _.a.at the flute b.at flute c.at a flute d.at that flute,用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如：She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。,a,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,7,5.You look in _ high spirit.You must have _ during your holiday.a.a/wonderful time b.x/a wonderful time c.a/the wonderful time d.x/some wonderful time,b,b,in high spirit 固定搭配，不加冠词；a wonderful time 指某人在某段时间或某个场合中的经历。,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,8,6.The city assigned a policeman to _ school crossing because _ traffic there was so heavy.a.the/a b.a/the c.the/the d.a/one,c,c,The school crossing 是特指，从the traffic there 可以看出。,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,9,7.Virtue and vice are before you;_ leads you to happiness,_ to misery.a.the formerlatter b.a formera latter c.the formerthe latter d.formerlatter,the former,前者,指virtue 美德，the latter，后者,指vice恶习。,c,c,2023/2/28,10,8.The children in the kinder-garden soon took _ to their teachers.a.quite fancy b.a quite fancy c.quite a fancy d.the quite fancy,C,quite 修饰的单数可数名词要前置。Take a fancy to sb喜欢某人,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,11,9.I want an assistant with _ knowledge of French and _ experience of office routine.a.thethe b.athe c.aan d.thean,a knowledge of French“了解；熟悉”的意思，此处knowledge 为可数名词。an experience of 泛指某方面的经验。,c,c,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,12,10.Anns habit of riding a motorcycle up and down the road early in the morning annoyed _ and _ they took her to the court.a.the neighbors/in the end b.neighbors/at the end c.the neighbors/in an end d.neighbors/in end,a,a,Ann骑摩托车惹恼了她的邻居，应该是特指。,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,13,11._ Chinese people are _ brave and hard working peoplea.the/a b.the/the c.x/the d.x/a,a,a,定冠词和表示民族的词连用时指“整个民族”。例如：The English have a wonderful sense of humour英国人十分富有幽默感。a brave people 表示一个勇敢的民族。,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,14,12.That is _phrase to be used _waya.a/the b.the/the c.the/this d.a/that,c,c,当表示“那唯一的”、“那正是”和“那理想的”等意思时，已含“特指”之意，需用定冠词。例：That is the person I was looking for那正是我刚才在找的词典。,那是可以这样用的唯一的短语。,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,15,13._ horse has been praised by many poets as _ noble animal.a.a/a b.a/the c.the/a d.the/the,c,c,这里的the horse 是马的总称，指一类.下面的例句泛指一类，并非某只老虎。例如：The tiger is in danger of dying out.,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,16,14.Many people are still in habbit of writing silly things in public places.A.the,the B.x,x C.the,x D.x,the,c,c,In the habbit of doing sth.是一个短语，特指某方面的习惯；而public places 表示泛指，故选C。,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,17,15.She is new comer to Chemistry,but she has already made some important discoveries.A.the,the B.the,x C.a,x D.a,the,A new comer 表示她的身份。例如：She is a worker.Chemistry 为泛指，故选C。,c,c,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,18,16.However good _radio you have,you will never get perfect sound.a.the b.a c.this d.x,b,若修饰名词的形容词受too,so,as,how,however等副词的修饰，则通常将不定冠词置于形容词与名词之间。,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,19,17.youre going quite _wrong way.It is quite _ good book.a.the/the b.a/the c.a/a d.the/a,d,d,不定冠词与副词quite，rather连用时，不定冠词通常置于其后，但其前有形容词时，则a/an放在quite/rather之前或之后都可以。例如：He is rather a fool.,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,20,18.I know both _ brothers.All _ children have gone home.Your house is twice _ size of mine.,the,the,the,与both/all/half/twice等连用时，冠词常置于其后.,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,21,19.Soon I saw _ second plane.I want to read the novel _ third time.,a,a,1.a/an 用于序数词之前,表示数量或序数的增加,但是：He went to Beijing for the second time in 1989.,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,22,20.I have two favorite places in China,Sanya and Shanghai.Sanya in Hainan has _most beautiful beaches I have ever seen.Shanghai is _ most energetic and exciting city.a.the/a b.a/the c.the/the d.a/a,a,a,the most beautiful特指；a most energetic=a very energetic,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,23,21._ old _ more likely to catch cold than the young._ beautiful _not always the same as the good.,The,are,The,is,“the+形容词”表一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数。表一类物，作主语时，谓语用单数,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,24,22.He moved to the south in _seventies.,the,his,/,the用于逢整十的数词的复数前，指世纪中的年代；而his or her等表示年龄。,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,25,用于“hit+sb+介词+the+身体部位”及“catch/hold/take sb bythe+身体部位”。eg“他打了我的脸”，不能说He hit my face，而应说：He hit me in the face.,23.Which of the following is correct?I hit his face.I caught him by the collar.I saw a boy leading a cow by the nose.,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,26,24.He is paid by _ hour.他拿计时工资。The eggs is sold by _ dozen.,the,the,表示计算单位，用the,主要用于by the 十计量单位，含有a/each/per的意义,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,27,注1：关于湖泊前是否用冠词，分两种情况，中国的湖名在英译时，常加the.eg。The West Lake，the Dongting Lake。外国的湖名前，多数不加定冠词，少数加，视情况而定，主要是习惯用法。Eg。Lake Success 成功湖。The Lake of Geneva 日内瓦湖注2：山名的构成有两种方式：若用于“山名+Mountains”，前常用the，eg.The Jinggang Mountains。若用于“Mount/Mt+山名”，其前不用冠词，eg.Mt Tai。另外，若不出现mountain一词时，则常用the，eg，the Alps,阿尔卑斯山。,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,28,12.the用于由普通名词构成（或含有普通名词）的专有名词，如国名、地名、政党、团体、组织机构以及旅馆、商店、学校、文娱场地、建筑物等之前，eg。The United Nations.The Peace Hotel.The Red Cross Hospital,the Friendship Store.The Peoples Republic of China.The National Peoples Congress.全国人民代表大会注1：对于以地名命名的大学，有两种形式，egthe University of London/London University.2.对于人名命名的大学，则不用冠词，eg。Yale University 耶鲁大学，Brown University 布朗大学。,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,29,1.(2005湖)I cant remember when exactly the Robinsons left_city,I only remember it was _ Monday.,A.the,the B.a,the C.a,a D.the,a,D,2.(2004湖)For a long time they walked without saying word.Jim was the first to break silence.,A.the,a B.a,the C.a,x D.the,x,B,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,30,3.The sign reads“In case of fire,break the glass and push _ red button”(2003)A.x,a B.x,the C.the,the D.a,a,B,4.Jumping out of airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _ exciting experience.(2002),A.x,the B.x,an C.an,an D.the,the,C,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,31,5.(1999)Paper money was in use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in thirteenth century.A.the,x B.the,the C.x,the D.x,x,C,6.(2000)Most animals have little connection with animals of _different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the,a B.x,a C.the,the D.x,the,B,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,32,7.Peter wont drive us to the station.He has todrive us all A.a very small car B.too small a car C.a too small car D.such a small car.,B,8.I often have conversations with John over_ telephone,while keep in touch with Tom by _letter.A.x,the B.x,a C.the,x D.the,a,C,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,33,9.England of those years was England in peace.A.x,x B.The,an C.The,x D.x,an,B,10.I couldnt remember the exact date of the storm,but I knew it was Sunday because everybody was at church.A.a,the B.a,x C.x,a D.x,x,B,11.In the market,vegetables are sold by kilogram,I mean,by_ weight.A.the,x B.x,x C.the,the D.x,the,A,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,34,12.-“What about school?”-“It is as good,as anybody can see,school as the one attached to Hunan Normal University.”A.a,the B.the,a C.a,a D.the,the,13.The cakes are delicious,Id like to have _ third one as _second one I ate was too small.A.the,the B.a,the C.the,a D.a,a,B,B,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,35,名词,专有名词(Proper Nouns),普通名词(Common Nouns),个体名词(Individual Nouns),集体名词(Collective Nouns),物质名词(Material Nouns),抽象名词(Abstract Nouns),不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词(Countable Nouns),冠词和名词,2023/2/28,36,Proper Nouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称,Eg:Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;New Years Day,注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,37,Common Nouns：专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词,1。Individual Nouns:指作为个体而存在的人或东西。,可以指具体的人或物。Eg:aunts;a panda;apartments,也可指抽象东西。Eg:a year;fairy tales;a dream,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,38,2.Collective Nouns:表示由个体组成的集体。,Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public,集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。,Eg:His family isnt large.,Cf:His family are all music lovers.,在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。,Eg:The audience was(were)excited by the show.,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,39,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Eg:The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Eg:The police are looking for him.,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,40,3.Material Nouns:指无法分为个体的东西。,Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil,一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg:Two strong black coffees,please.(两份）,Three beers,please.(三杯）,It was a special tea.(一种）,2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,Eg:rains（雨季）snows(积雪）waters(海域)（see note paper),冠词和名词,2023/2/28,41,4.Abstract Nouns:表示一些抽象的概念。,Eg:education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.,多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。,Eg:Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,有时也可以加冠词。,He works hard for the welfare of the poor.,After a brief peace,war broke out again.,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,42,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass(玻璃)copper(铜)tin(锡)paper(纸)iron(铁)wood(木头)gold(金子)youth(青春)power(力量)beauty(美)pleasure(愉快)relation(关系）,a glass(玻璃杯)a copper(铜币板)a tin(罐头，听头)a paper(报纸，证件，论文)an iron(熨斗)a wood(树林)a gold(金牌)a youth(年青人)a power(大国)a beauty(美人，美的东西)a pleasure(使人感到愉快的事)a relation(亲戚）,2023/2/28,43,英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。,a poem(一首诗)a machine(一台机器)a job(一件工作)a laugh(一个笑声)a permit(许可证)a garment(一件衣裳)a bag(case)(一件行李)a loaf(一只面包)a hair(一根头发),poetry(诗歌总称)machinery(机器总称)work(工作)laughter(笑声)permission(允许)clothing(衣裳总称)luggage,baggage(行李)bread(面包)hair(头发),冠词和名词,2023/2/28,44,名词复数,情况,加法,例词,一般情况,以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词,以辅音y结尾的词,以辅音+o 结尾的词,以f或fe结尾的词,加-s,加-es,去y加-ies,多数加-es,把f/fe改成ves,Brothers;schools,Buses;watches;dishes*1,Ladies;countries;*2,Heroes;tomatoes*3,Halves;leaves;*4,2023/2/28,45,Notes:,*1:stomach,stomachs,*2:以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s.Eg:boys;toys;Germanys;Henrys,*3:以元音+oeg:videos;studios以oo结尾 eg:zoos;bamboos;kangaroos一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词)eg:pianos一些缩写词 eg:kilos;photos;memos一些专有名词 eg:Eskimos;Filipinos,直接在词尾加-s.,*4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefs,2023/2/28,46,不规则复数：,1.man,men,Eg:woman women;chairman-chairmen,2.oo,ee,Eg:foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese,3.+en,Eg:child-children;ox-oxen,4.ouse,ice,Eg:mouse-mice;louse-lice（虱子）,有些外来词的不规则复数形式：,Eg:analysis-analyses;basis-bases;thesis-theses;crisis-crises,criterion-criteria;phenomenon-phenomena;medium-media,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,47,单复数相同的情况：,sheep;deer;means;fish;works;species;Chinese;Japanese以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu,复合名词的复数形式：,1.词末+-s eg:film-goers;forget-me-nots 2.主体名词变为复数形式：lookers-on;editors-in-chief;sons-in-law3.两个组成部分皆变为复数：women doctors;men cooks*这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,48,名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk for friendships sake.She was at her wits end.Now they could sing at their hearts content.We should get the children out of harms way.We had best keep them at arms length.For goodness sake,stop arguing.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.,(为了友谊）,（黔驴技穷）,（尽情地）,（不受损害）,（保持距离）,（看在上帝的份上）,（很合算）,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,49,主谓一致,。语法形式上的一致（主单谓单；主复谓复）,。意义上的一致（主语形单意复，谓语用复数。Eg:people;police)（主语形复意单，谓语用单数。Eg:news;economics),3.就近原则：eitheror;neithernor;not onlybut also,4.单复数视情况而定。）集体名词作主语：强调整体，用单数；强调个体，用复数,）单复数同形名词作主语，按意义一致原则。Eg:means,species,）中心词是all,most,half,rest时，按意义一致原则。即主语单数意义，谓语用单数；主语复数意义，谓语用复数。,2023/2/28,50,）主语是and连接两个名词时，指一样东西，谓语单数；指两样东西，谓语复数。Eg:A knife and fork is on the table.,5)代词作主语，取决于它代替的是单数还是复数。意义一致原则。Eg:ours,yours;such,the same;who,that,which;any,either,neither,(单独作主语，谓语单数）none,all,some,more,）分数，量词，half of,part of作主语，于中心词保持一致。,）what 引导的主语从句。通常用单数；所指的具体内容为复数时，谓语用复数。,）主谓倒装，谓语与其后主语一致。,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,51,。谓语用单数的情况。,）名词所有格之后的名词被省略。（指商店，工场，住宅等）作主语。Eg:The doctors,my uncles,the bakers,2)中心词是时间、距离、金额、度量、书名等复数名词。Eg:three years;The selected poems of Li Bai;,3)each,every,no 所修饰名词，即使以and 或逗号连接。Eg:each boy and each girl;every man and woman,4)主语有more than one;many a,5)a kind of;a pair of;a series of,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,52,6)This kind of,7)The number of,8)A great deal of;a large amount of+un,9)One and a half+可数名词复数eg:One and a half bananas is left on the table.,10)The departed(死者）意义上指个体,11)the only one of+可数名词复数定语从句。从句中的谓语用单数。,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,53,.谓语用复数的情况。,）police,;people;cattle;militia(民兵）作主语。,）有两个部分构成的名词。（表示衣物或工具）eg:glasses;chopsticks,3)these kind of men（口语);men of this kind 作主语,）bothand.修饰主语,5)A number of;large quantities of;large amounts of修饰主语,）the+形容词作主语，一般情况下,）one of the+可数名词复数定语从句，从句中谓语动词用复数。,冠词和名词,2023/2/28,54,Assignment:,1.Try to learn these words by heart:(通常用于复数形式的词）,scissors剪刀;pants裤子;contents目录compasses两脚规;cords灯心絨裤;arms武器earphones耳机;pyjamas睡衣裤;ashes灰烬scales天平;overalls工装裤;tropics热带spectacles眼镜;braces背带;stairs楼梯nail-clippers指甲刀；slacks便装裤;brains头脑belongings所有物；savings积蓄；tidings消息doings行为；writings作品；findings调查结果And the words in your note paper.,2.Finish Ex.Book Chapter 2.Nouns.(P7-P16)&Chapter 12(P133-P136),返回目录,2023/2/28,55,系动词 系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：He fell ill yesterday.（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）He fell off the ladder.fell是实义动词，单独作谓语,2023/2/28,56,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：He always kept silent at meeting.This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems(to be)very sad.他看起来很伤心,2023/2/28,57,4）感官系动词.感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香5）变化系动词.这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：He became mad after that.She grew rich within a short time.6）终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn out,表达证实，变成之意，例如：The rumor proved false.The search proved difficult.His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）,返回目录,2023/2/28,58,什么是助动词 1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：He doesnt like English.（doesnt是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)2）助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：表示时态，例如：He is singing.He has got married.表示语态，例如：He was sent to England.构成疑问句，例如：Do you like college life?Did you study English before you came here?与否定副词not合用，例如：I dont like him.加强语气，Do come to the party tomorrow evening.He did know that.3）最常用的助动词有：be,have,do,shall,will,should,would,2023/2/28,59,助动词be的用法1）be+现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：They are having a meeting.English is becoming more and more important.2)be+过去分词，构成被动语态The window was broken by Tom.English is taught throughout the world.3）be+动词不定式，a.表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：He is to go to New York next week.We are to teach the fresh persons.说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b.表示命令，You are to explain this.He is to come to the office this afternoon.c.征求意见，How am I to answer him?Who is to go there?d.表示相约、商定 We are to meet at the