新初三暑假语法讲义——第三讲 代词.doc

第三讲 代词中考要求内容基本要求略高要求较高要求代词一、人称代词和物主代词的用法；二、反身代词的人称和数的变化；三、指示代词及其单复数；四、替代词的用法；五、不定代词的用法；六、正确运用关系代词和疑问代词。不定代词里other组的辨析；不定代词的部分否定和完全否定；定语从句中关系代词的选择考点梳理清单一、人称代词1. 人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示2.人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如I like table tennis. （作主语）Do you know him?（作宾语）3.人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：-Who is knocking at the door?-Its me.4. 人称代词在than 之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：He is older than me.He is older than I am.5. 人称代词的顺序；几个人称代词并列做主语时，它们的顺序是单数形式（二三一） you，he and I复数形式（一二三） we ,you and they但是当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反，I 在最前， you 在最后。口诀：单数二三一，复数一二三，受到批评我在前，承认错误你在后。例如：You, he and I are all the winners.I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.6. It 作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。例如：It is about 10 kilometres from here. 离这儿大约有10 公里。It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语，来代替由不定式，动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语， 以避免句子头重脚轻。例如：It is not easy to learn English well.It is good for you taking a walk after supper.I found it difficult to sleep.（1）作为人称代词，it 可以用来指东西、动物、婴儿和未确定身份的人。Wheres my book？ Have you seen it？ 我的书在哪里？你看见了没有？The dog is in the garden， isnt it？ 狗在花园里，是吧？The baby cried because it was hungry. 婴儿哭了，因为他/她饿了.（Someone is ringing.）Whos it？ Its me.（有人在按门铃。）谁呀？是我（2）it 可以指上下文内容。The Olympic Game will be held in Beijing in 2008. It makes the Chinese proud. 2008 年将在北京举行奥运会。这使得中国人非常自豪(3）it 表示时间、天气、距离等。What time is it now？Its half past nine.现在几点了？九点半。It is cold.天气冷。Its about ten kilometers from the park to the museum.公园到博物馆大约是十公里。（4）it 用作形式主语或形式宾语。Its very important for us to learn English well.（实际主语是to learn English well）对我们来说，学好英语很重要。I found it hard to fly a kite. （实际主语是to fly a kite）我发现放风筝很难。句型Its adj for/of sb to do sthIts time to do sthIts time forIt seems thatIt ones turn to do sthIts 强调部分 that/who/whom 清单二、物主代词1.表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，如下表所示。2. 形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：Our teacher is coming to see us.This is her pencil-box.3. 名词性物主代词常用来避免和前面已提及的名词重复，其作用相当于名词并=“形容词性物主代词+名词”，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语）- Is this English book yours? （作表语）- No. Mine is in my bag.I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? （作宾语）4. 名词性物主代词可以用在of 后做定语，相当于“of+名词所有格”表示带有部分概念或有一定的感情色彩。eg: He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一位朋友。a friend of n/doinga friend of my friends(mine)真题回放（2009·山东淄博）His MP3 is the same as , but it is more expensive.A. himB. mineC. myD. her（2009·河北）Is there any difference between your idea and _ ?A. he B. his C. she D. her（2009·山东威海）-Is this the Greens house?-No, _ is over there.A. His B. Their C. Their D. Them（2009·四川成都）-Is this kite _ , Tom?-Yes, its mine. Its made by _ .A. yours, myself B. mine, myself C. ours, himself（2009·江苏南京）-Are the keys over there _ ?-No, Go and ask Anna. They may belong to her.A. you B. your C. yours D. yourself（2009·河南）What a nice MP5! Whose is it?Its _ . My father bought it for me.A. me B. him C. his D. mine（2009·湖南娄底）Lucys skirt is black. What about ?Mine is white.A. youB. your C. yours（2009·山东德州）Bob! Is this your dictionary?No, it isnt. Ask Sally. She is looking for_.A. his B. hers C. mine D. yours（2009·湖北恩施） Is Miss White _ English teacher, Maria? No, she teaches _ geography.A. your; my B. you; mine C. you; us D. your; us（2009·新疆阜康）Who is the best friend of _ at school? I think Helen is. We often help each other. A. mine B. his C. yours D. hers（2009·贵州安顺）-Hi, Kitty. I have passed _ exams!-Oh, congratulations! I hope my sister has also passed _ .A. my, her B. mine, her C. my, hers D. mine, hersDavid talked with a friend of _ on the Internet for a long time yesterday.A. he B. his C. him D. himself清单三、反身代词英语中用来表示"我自己"，"你自己"，"他自己"，"我们自己"，"你们自己"等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示:单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself herselfitselfthemselves反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。1. 作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。He called himself a writerWould you please express yourself in English?2. 作表语。It doesn't matterI'll be myself soonThe girl in the news is myself3. 作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。I myself washed the clothes（=I washed the clothes myself.）（作主语同位语）You should ask the teacher himself（作宾语同位语）4. 在一句话之中第二次出现的代词。 He knows himself well.5.反身代词常用的短语teach oneself 自学learn by oneself 自学enjoy oneself=have a good time =have fun 玩的高兴help oneself to 随便吃come to oneself 苏醒真题回放(2008荆州市)How was the evening party yesterday? We enjoyed _ very much. A. us B. ourselves C. its D. itself (2008 南京) His name is James but he calls _ Jim.A. his B. himself C. him D. /（2009.福建漳州）-Betty, help _ to some soup.-Thanks a lot.A. you B. your       C. yourself     D. yours（2009·湖南长沙）-Help _ to some fish, my boy.-Thanks.A. you B. yours C. yourself（2009·贵州安顺）College students are old enough to teach _.A. them B. their C. themselves D. they清单四、指示代词指示代词：表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表:这,这个那，那个这些那些thisthatthesethose1. this 和these 一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that 和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人。例如：This is a pen and that is a pencilWe are busy these daysIn those days the workers had a hard time2. 有时that 和those 指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these 则是指下面将要讲到的事物。例如:I had a cold. That's why I didn't come.What I want to say is this : pronunciation is very important in learning English3. 有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that 或those 代替。例如：Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai4. this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如：Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?真题回放(2008 潍坊) The machines made in China are cheaper than _ made in Japan.A. ones B. that C. those D. it （2009·山西）-Look! Whats _ in the sky?-It looks like a kite.A. this B. that C. thoseHave you found your lost mobile phone? No, I havent found _, but I bought _ this morning. A. one; that B. that; one C. it; one D. one; it清单五、疑问代词疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what 和which 等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：疑问词意思用法when什么时间问时间what time什么时间问具体时间，如几点钟who谁问人whose谁的问主人where在哪里问地点which哪一个问选择why为什么问原因what什么问东西、事物what color什么颜色问颜色what about怎么样问意见what day星期几问星期几what date什么日期问日期how怎么样问情况how old多大年纪问年龄how many多少数量（可数名词）问数量how much多少钱，多少数量（不可数名词）问多少钱或数量（不可数）how about怎么样问意见how often多久问频率how long多长时间问时间长度how far多远问多远；多长距离真题回放(2008北京市) _ did you buy for your mom for Mothers Day? Some flowers. A. How B. Where C. When D. What 清单六、不定代词不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。不定代词没有确定的对象， 常用的有：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many， much, other, another, some any, no 以及由some, no, any, every 构成的复合词。注意：不定代词通常可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语，而none 及含有some, any every的合成代词不能做定语，no 和every 只能做定语。many, few, a few 修饰可数名词，much, little, a little 修饰不可数名词。both, either, neither, each 用于指两者，all, any, none, every, another 用于指三者或三者以上。两者三者都bothall都不neithernone或者（任一个）eitherany每一个each（2）every（3）注意：both 之后加名词的复数形式+谓语动词原形。all 既可以加名词的复数形式，也可以加不可数名词，谓语动词的单复数由名词决定。Neither / none of +名词的复数形式+谓语动词三单。Neithernor.或either or.用就近原则。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：1. some 与any 的区别1）some 多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词+单数动词；可数名词+复数动词。Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library.Some rice in the bag has been sold out.2）any 多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”用作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词+单数动词；可数名词+复数动词。If you have any questions, please ask me.There isn't any orange in the bottle.Have you got any tea?3）any 和some 也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any 多用于疑问句,否定句和条件句中，some 多用于肯定句中。How many people can you see in the picture?I can't see any.If you have no money, I'll lend you some.2. few, a few, little, a little 在用法上的区别（1）用作形容词用法 含义表示肯定表示否定用于可数名词a few 虽少，但有几个few 不多，几乎没有用于不可数名词a little 虽少，但有一点little 不多，没有什么I'm going to buy a few apples.He can speak only a little Chinese.There is only a little milk in the glass He has few friends.They had little money with them.2）a little 和little 也可以用作副词，a little 表示“有点，稍微”，little 表示“很少”。I'm a little /a bit hungry. (修饰形容词hungry)Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)She slept very little last night.not a little =very much not a bit =notat all 程度好的，高中生3. other, the other, another, others, the others 的区别用法代名词形容词单数复数单数复数不定another另一个others别人，其他人another (boy)另一个（男孩）other (boys)其他（男孩）特定the other另一个the others其余那些人、物the other (boy)另一个(男孩)the other (boys)其余那些(男孩)1） other 可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别的”。Where are his other books?I haven't any other books except this one.2）other 也可以用作代词，与冠词the 连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one 搭配构成“one ., the other .”句型。He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.3）other 作代词时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some 搭配构成“some ., others .”句型。Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.4）“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock.In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.5）another 可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one.You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?6）another 也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.可以运用图表法4. every 与each 的区别。eachevery1)可单独使用1)不可单独使用2)可做代名词、形容词2)仅作形容词3)着重“个别”3)着重“全体”，毫无例外4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物4）用于三者或三者以上的每一个人或物Each of Every one ofThe teacher gave a toy to each child.Each ball has a different colour.当我们说each child, each student 或each teacher 时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child 和every student 时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every 的意思与all 接近，表示他们都如此。Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.5. all 和both 的用法。1）all 指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。All of us like Mr. Pope. 我们都喜欢Pope 先生。（作主语）= We all like Mr. Pope. (作同位语)All the water has been used up. (作主语)That's all for today. (作表语)Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作宾语)All the leaders are here. (作定语)2）both 作代词。与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”。Lucy and Lily both agree with us.They both passed on their sticks at the same time.How are your parents? They're both fine.与“of +代词（或名词）”连用，表示“两者都”。Both of them came to see Mary.Both of the books are very interesting.单独使用，表示“两者（都）”。Michael has two sons. Both are clever.I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both.3）both 用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。Both his younger sisters are our classmates.There are tall trees on both sides of the street.6. many 与much 的用法Many 修饰可数名词复数，还可以与表示程度的副词so, too , as, how ,连用。Much 修饰不可数名词，也可以与表示程度的副词so, too , as, how ,连用。There are too many mistakes in your exercises.He never eats so much breakfast.He has got too much work to do.7.复合不定代词复合不定代词是由some-，any-，no-，every-加上-one，-body，-thing 等所组成的不定代词。复合不定代词包括something（某事物）, somebody（某人）,someone（某人）, anything（任何事物）, anybody（任何人）, anyone（任何人）, nothing（没事物）, nobody（没人）, no one（没人）, everything（一切事物）, everybody（每个人）, everyone（每个人） 等十二个。这些复合代词具有名词性质，在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但不能用作定语。复合不定代词的指代对象（1）、含-body 和-one 的复合代词只用来指人，含-body 的复合不定代词与含-one 的复合不定代词在功能和意义上完全相同，可以互换。只是用-body 时显得较通俗些，多用于口语中，用-one 时显得较文雅些，更常见于正式场合及书面语中。如：Someone/Somebody is crying in the next room.有人在隔壁房间哭。No one/Nobody is stupid. 没有谁是愚蠢的。（2）、含-thing 的复合不定代词只用来指事物。如：Are you going to buy anything? 你会去买东西吗？I can hear nothing but your voice. 我只听到了你的声音。复合不定代词的属格（1）、含-one 和-body 等指人的复合代词可有-s 属格形式。如：Everybodys business is nobodys business.大家的事情没人管。Is this anybodys seat? 这儿有人坐吗？（2）、含-one 和-body 等指人的复合代词后跟else 时，-s 属格应加在else之后。如：Can you remember someone elses name? 你还记得其他人的姓名吗？（3）、含-thing 等指事物的复合不定代词没有-s 属格形式。复合不定代词的数（1）、复合不定代词都具有单数的含义，因此通常被看成是单数第三人称。当它们充当句子的主语时，其后的谓语动词用单数形式。如：Is everyone here today? 今天，大家都到齐了吗？Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。（2）、当要对一群人讲话时，可使用以复合不定代词作主语的祈使句，句中的动词用原形。如：Nobody move！= Don t anybody move！ 都别动！程度好的Everyone lie down! 统统趴下！复合不定代词的替代问题由于复合不定代词都具有单数的含义，所以在正规的英语中用来替代它们的代词也应该是单数形式。（1）、含-one 和-body 等指人的复合代词，其代词应该是he/she, him/her, 其-s 属格形式的代词应该是his/her, his/hers。如：Everyone has his/her own words. 每个人都有他（她）自己的说辞。但是，这样一来就会因为性别的差异而使得在代词的运用上具有不确定性，所以为了避免这种别扭的情况，我们一般都是用they/them/their/theirs,尤其是在口语中以及非正式场合下。如：No one gave you a ticket, did they? 没人给你票，是吗？Someone came in, but I didnt know who they were. 有人进来了，但我不知道是谁。（2）、含-thing 等指事物的复合不定代词，不会因性别上的差异而使得在代词的运用上产生不确定性，因此我们就使用it。如：Something goes wrong, doesnt it?出问题了，是吗？复合不定代词的定语复合不定代词的定语必须后置，即放在复合不定代词的后面。如：Can you tell something interesting? 你能讲些有趣的事情吗？Is there anybody important here? 这儿有大人物吗？Would you like something to eat? 要来些吃的东西吗？含some-和any-的复合不定代词间的用法区别：由some-和any-所构成的复合不定代词（即something 和anything；someone 和anyone；somebody 和anybody）之间的区别跟some 和any 的区别一样。（1）、something，someone，somebody 通常用于肯定句中，而anything，anyone，anybody 一般用于否定句，疑问句或条件状语从句中。如：He found something strange but interesting.他发现了一些奇怪但却有趣的事情。Do you have anything to say ？你有话要说吗？I cant meet anybody on the island. 在岛上，我没遇见任何人。（2）、在表示请求、邀请、提建议等带有委婉语气的疑问句，和希望得到对方肯定答复的疑问句，以及表示反问的问句中，也用something，someone，somebody 等复合不定代词。如:Would you like something to eat？要些吃的东西吗？Isnt there something wrong with you? 难道你没问题吗？（3）、当anything 表示“任何事（物），无论何事（物）”，anyone，anybody 表示“无论谁，任何人”等意义时，它们也可以用于肯定句中。如：Anything is OK. 什么都行。Anybody knows the answer.任何人都知道答案。复合不定代词的否定（1）、“not every-”表示的是部分否定，意为“并非都，不都”。例如Not everything will go well. 并非一切都会那么顺利。The teacher didnt call everyones name. 老师并没有点所有人的名。（2）、“not any-”和no-均表示全否定。例如：He listened, but heard nothing.他听了听，但什么也没听到。= He listened, but didnt hear anything.You havent called anyone/anybody up, have you? 你没给谁打过电话，是吗？= You have called no one/nobody up, have you?复合不定代词作名词复合不定代词可以充当名词用，表示“的事情（东西或人）”。（1）、someone/somebody, anyone/anybody 的意义是“重要人物，大人物”，everyone/everybody 意为“最重要的人”，no one/nobody 则意指“无关紧要的人，小人物”。 （2）、something，anything 的意义是“重要事情（东西）”，everything 表示“最重要的事情（东西）”，nothing 则指“毫无趣味的事情，无关紧要的东西”。