英语语法名词.ppt

第二章 名词,名词复数的规则变化 名词复数的不规则变化 不可数名词量的表示 定语名词的复数 不同国家的人的单复数 名词的格 名词在句中的作用,名词,名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：,1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人 或东西中的个体，如：gun。2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个 个体组成的集合体，如：family。3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为 个体的实物，如：air。4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：,归纳表格如下,专有名词 名 个体名词：可数名词 集体名词 普通名词：词 物质名词：不可数名词 抽象名词,名词复数的规则变化,_情况 构成方法读音 例词_一般情况加-s1.清辅音后读/s/map-maps 2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bags car-cars以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es 读/iz/bus-buses watch-watches,以ce,se,ze,(d)ge 等结尾的词加-s读/iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y 变y 为i结尾的词 再加es读/z/baby-babies,其它名词复数的规则变化,1)以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直 接加s变复数：如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeysholiday-holiday比较：层楼：storey storeys story-stories 2)以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：a.加s，如：photo-photospiano-pianos radio-radioszoo-zoos；b.加es，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesc.均可，如：zero-zeros/zeroes,3)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：a.加s，如：belief-beliefsroof-roofssafe-safes gulf-gulfs；b.去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves；c.均可,如：handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves,名词复数的不规则变化,1）child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-miceman-men woman-women 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women。如：an Englishman，two Englishmen.但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。2）单复同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar,two dollars;a meter,two meters,3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如：The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。,4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a.maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。b.news 是不可数名词。c.the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.是一本非常有趣的故事书。,5)表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses(眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套);a pair of glasses;two pairs of trousers6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼,不可数名词量的表示,1）物质名词a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。This factory produces steel.(不可数)We need various steels.(可数)c.当物质名词表示份数时，可数。Our country is famous for tea.我国因茶叶而闻名。Two teas,please.请来两杯茶。,2）抽象名词有时也可数。four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如：a glass of water 一杯水a piece of advice一条建议,定语名词的复数,名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1)用复数作定语。如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2)man,woman,gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：men workerswomen teachers gentlemen officials,3)有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。如：goods train(货车)arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷4)数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。如：two-dozen eggs两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划个别的有用复数作定语的，如：a seven-years child,不同国家的人的单复数,名称 总称(谓语用复数）一个人 两个人中国人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人theantwoAustraliansAustralianAustralians 俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italian two Italians希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha FrenchmantwoFrenchmen,日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadian two Canadians德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes,名词的格,在英语中有些名词可以加“s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下：1）单数名词词尾加“s”，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加“s”，如the boys bag 男孩的书包，mens room 男厕所。2）若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加，如：the workers struggle工人的斗争。,3）凡不能加“s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of+名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers 理发店。5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示“分别有”；只有一个s，则表示共有。如：Johns and Marys room（两间）John and Marys room（一间）6）复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。如：a month or twos absence,名词在句中的作用,1）作主语Knowledge is power.知识就是力量2）作表语Smoking is my only weakness.3)作宾语Did you get fax?4）作定语We buy a new color TV.,5）做同位语You boys sit on this side.6）做状语We will see Monday.7）作介词宾语He majored in computer at school.8）作宾语的补语She painted the door a brighter color.,互助练习,Ex.1 语法知识填空：1、普通名词包括 _ 和 _ 两种；可数名词又分为 _ 和 _ 两类；不可数名词又分为 _ 和 _.2、可数名词中的集合名词具有表示整体和成员的两重性。表示 _时，通常看作单数；表示 _时，通常看作复数。3、有些名词在汉语概念中是属于_范畴，但是在英语中是_名词。例如，“许多家具”，我们应该说 _;“很多信息”，我们应该说 _.pt4,1.She didnt know _ he had been given.a.how many information c.how many informations b.the number of information d.how much information 2.He invited all of his _ to join his wedding rade-in-rades-in-armc comrades-in-arms rade-in-arm3.All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month.a.women doctors c.woman doctorsb.women doctor d.woman doctor KEY:D C A,4.After ten years,all these youngsters became_.a.growns-ups c.growns-upb.grown-up d.grown-ups5.The police investigated those _ about the accident.a.stander-by c.standers-byb.stander-bys d.standers-bys6.The Nazi kept those _ in their concentration camp.a.prisoner-of-wars c.prisoners-of-warb.prisoners-of-wars d.prisoner-of-warKEY:D B B,7.The manager was greatly appreciate that _ made by Linda lately.a.new reel b.news reel c.new-reels d.news reels8.Marys dress is similar in appearance to her _.a.elder sister b.elder sisters c.elder sisters d.elder sisters dress9.All the people at the conference are _.a.mathematic teachers b mathematics teacherc.mathematics teachers d.mathematics teachers KEY:B B C,10.Professor Mackay told us that _ of lead are its softness and its resistance.a.some property c.propertiesb.some properties d.property11.Physics _ with matter and motion.a.deal b.deals c.dealing d.are KEY:C B,12.He has written several books,but his last works _ well known among his friends.a.have b.have been c.is d.are 13.After he checked up my _ heart,the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.a.father-in-laws c.fathers-in-lawb.father-in-law d.fathers-in-laws14.He told me _ would come to his birthday party.a.many Jack friends c.many Jacks friendb.Jacks many friends d.many friends of Jacks KEY:C A D,15.I had my hair cut at the _ around the corner.a.barber b.barbers c.barbers d.barbers16.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at _.a.Peter and Helens b.Peter and Helenc.Peter and Helens d.Peters and Helens KEY:C A,