中英习语的文化差异及其翻译商务英语毕业论文商务英语专业.doc

中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题 目： 中英习语的文化差异及其翻译 姓 名 ： 00000000 班级、学号 ： 0000班、00000000 系 (部) ： 经济管理系 专 业 ： 商务英语 指导教师 ： 000000000 开题时间： 2009-4-10 完成时间： 2009-11-01 2009 年 11 月 01 日目 录毕业设计任务书1毕业设计成绩评定表2答辩申请书3-4正文5-6答辩委员会表决意见7答辩过程记录表8课 题 中英习语的文化差异及其翻译 一、 课题(论文)提纲0.引言1.英汉习语的文化差异1.1生存环境的差异1.2习俗的差异1.3宗教信仰的文化的差异1.4历史典故1.5对客观事物的认识不同2.习语的翻译方法2.1直译2.2直译加意译2.3代换法2.4意译2.5移植法2.6补译3 结论二、内容摘要习语是一种社会的产物,承载着一个民族的文明。生活中可以随处用到和看到。它有着丰富的文化内涵，体现了不同民族在历史，地理，宗教信仰，风俗习惯和思维方式等方面的差异。所以完全有必要对其的文化进行比较。本文从最能体现中西文化的习语着手，论述习语在文化上五个方面中所反映的中西方文化差异，即生存环境、生活习俗、宗教信仰、历史典故、对客观事物的认识。而英汉习语的翻译不应只是两种语言的简单转换，更应是文化的交流。三、 参考文献1Christine Amber. Cool Cats, Top Dogs, and Other Beastly Expressions. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 19992 Hall, E. Beyond Culture. New York: Doubleday Co. Press, 1976。3 Harry Collis. 101 American English Proverbs. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 20034 Pam Watson. English through Idioms. Beijing: Foreign Language Company Press,2002 5范思勇.汉英习语翻译中的文化因素探析J. 福建师范大学福清分校学报, 2005年第一期: P67。6 蒋磊.英汉习语的文化观照与对比M.武汉: 武汉大学出版社, 2000 7贾德江. 英汉语对比研究与翻译M. 长沙：国防科技大学出版社, 2002. P267。8 孔令翠，蒙兴灿. 实用汉英翻译M.成都: 四川大学出版社, 20029 骆世平.英语习语研究M.上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2005 5彭晓蓉.从学习汉英习语中了解中西文化差异J. 宣传与文化,1999.P52。10卢梅. 英汉习语的文化差异及其翻译J.西南科技大学学报，2005年第二期：P147。 11向明友、徐玲.大学英语语言教学与研究M. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. P266。Cultural Differences between English and Chinese Idiomatic Phrases and Their Translation00000000 Abstract Idioms are social products, carrying a nation's civilization. Life can be used and seen anywhere. They have rich cultural connotations, reflecting the different ethnic groups in history, geography, religion, customs and ways of thinking. So it is necessary to compare their culture. In this paper, the author will discuss the idioms in five levels: living environment, custom, religion, allusion, and acknowledge of objective things. The translation of idioms in both languages should not only be a simple conversion, but also cultural exchanges.Key Words:Idioms; translation; culture; differences 0. Introduction Language carries a rich connotations about culture, however, the idiom, as the essence of a language, is even more so. A lot of forms of fixed, brachylogy, concision, and full of implications, rather ethnic characteristics of the idioms are from in English and Chinese long history. The idiom has a strong cultural identity and is the core and essence of language and an important part of society and culture. These idioms and this nations customs, history and culture are linked in countless ways. “Culture is a complex body, including physicals, knowledge, beliefs, arts, ethics, law, customs, and the rest of the ability and habit which learned from the community.”A nations values, social customs, ways of thinking are all most vividly manifest in the idiom. 1   Cultural differences between English and Chinese Idioms    About Idiomatic phrases, “ Oxford” explanation is that the idiom is divided into two meanings:(1) language of a people or country ；specific character of this ；（2）(gram)succession of words whose meaning is not obvious through knowledge of the individual meanings of the constituent words but  must be leant as a whole. Therefore, the Idiomatic phrases, including idioms, proverbs, sayings, phrases, slang and allusions.From the Linguistic Weltanschauungs, the national life of the Earth is only one; therefore, the commonalities of different ethnic language and culture must exist. However, “different ethnic languages, because the physical environment and located in different geographical, social and cultural philosophies of origins are diverse, and thus there must be its own unique national identity. In any case, cultural differences, the reality is prevailing at this stage.”1.1 Differences in living environment      As the United Kingdom is located in an island nation, English people has always been good at sailing; the maritime industry has always occupied an important position, a lot of English idioms are nautical terms which used by sailors, and later people on the ground who also gradually use it. Such as: all at sea (All at sea, as a metaphor for at a loss),hang in the wind (Swaying in the wind, as a metaphor for hesitating to do things), three sheets in the wind(three sails feet shaking, as a metaphor for drinking too much), all hands to the pumps(All have gone to pumping, as a metaphors foe critical issues, we must go all out), in the same boat(This is the sailor said: “with somebody at the same boat”, and, later, people use it to express “the situation is the same to somebody”) and so on. China has vast territory, although near the sea, and the coastline is very long, but the maritime industry has been in a backward state. Though with the navigation-related idiom there are a few, such as “same boat”, “through thick and thin”, “the drowned disaster” , etc .China mainly locates in the Asian continent, is a landlocked country, the land is vital for people, people can not live without the land, so there are many agriculture-related idioms in Chinese, such as: “Tu yang jie he”, “the collapse of soil bang”, “extermination”, “home-grown”, “comeback” and so on.In the Chinese cultural atmosphere, summer is often linked with the intense heat, there are many idioms describing the hot summer, such as: “Jiao yang si huo”, “scorch like fire” and so on. The United Kingdom is located in the North Temperate Zone, summer weather is cool and pleasant, and it often together with lovely, warm and good, beautiful the words. In Shakespeare's sonnets, Shakespeare draws an analogy between lover and summer, “shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art lovelier and more temperate.” In addition, the United Kingdom is located in the Western Hemisphere, the reporter is the message of spring westerly winds, while in Chinese, and the east wind is the reporter about spring. In addition, people always use the “bamboo” to describe as that: “the things   are   rapid development” in China. English idiom is synonymous with “like mushrooms” (like a mushroom General).Because Britain does not produce bamboo, “bamboo” in English this word comes from Malay.1.2 Differences in Customs  Idiom has a strong flavor of life and distinct ethnic characteristics. Customs of a nation are reflections of cultural awareness and performance in the long years of evolving by the nation s psychological state of domination. Colorful ethnic customs, which constitute the roots of idioms and is soil which idioms, depends on the resilience to survive and get the deep, and a lot of idioms are from folk idioms. Example, Apple-pie is a traditional food and is from the United States population. Some women used to start the week, first baked apple pies are 7, and then discharge them in turn in the food shelves. Monday is to eat first lattice pie, Tuesday is to eat second grid. Do the same by analogy. Therefore, apple-pie order (the order of apple pie) has become a synonym for neat and orderly. For example: Before her guests arrived, the hostess had put her house in apple-pie order.Chinese idiom “xiao cai yi die” and the English Idioms a piece of cake (a cake), all mean easy things. In this sense, the Chinese language, “side dishes” and English “cake” contain “easy things” meaning. But in the idiom, the expression of same idea is completely different in the form between Chinese and English, and it is a relationship with eating habits. The Cake is very common form of food in the Britain .The British often used it in life, so they will use a piece of cake that easy to do. In China, the cake appear Over the past few hundred years in people's life, is a High-grade food, generally only in exceptional circumstances can eat. The dish has had an important place in the lives of the Chinese people, eating a dish is easy for Chinese people, so we use “a piece of cake” to describe a very easy thing for a long time . Because this eating customs are different，when Chinese and English idioms express the same meaning from food culture, they  use a completely different form.1.3   Cultural Differences in Religious BeliefsReligious differences are typical of the psychological and cultural differences.  Religion has played a very important role in the development of all different nations. Western people are Christian faith, and the Chinese are Buddhist faith. Thus, a large number of idioms, which related to religion, appear to the English language. In many Western countries, especially in the Anglo-American, they are Christians, related idioms such as:  “God helps those who help themselves.”, “Go to hell.” This curse and so on.   “The Bible” was adopted Christianity as its classic, because “the Bible” tells a lot with religious myths and legends related to the Jews, codes, religious rules, and some of the facts and so on. It reflects the emotions of the ancients, entreaties and ideals. Therefore, a large number of idioms are from “Bible” Such as: Jobs patience “very patient”, “Judas Kiss”, a daughter of Eve “woman”, as wise as Solomon “superior intelligence” and so on. This shows that the“Bible” of the impact of the English language.“Buddhism was introduced into China in Western Han Dynasty. There have been already 1000 years of history. There appear lots of idioms which form Chinese Buddhism in China. They believe the “Buddha” dominates everything in the earth，there are many idioms, such as: “borrow something to make a gift of it, leisure does not burn incense, five body cast, the back is the shore, paying homage to Tao is one foot tall high magic Yi Zhang and so on.”1.4   AllusionEnglish idioms, there are some from history, and some are from fables, myths and legends, and their structure are simple, but its significance is far-reaching. Therefore, they have a high value of researching. From the Greek myth of Achilles' heel leads people to think of “The only Achilles heel”; cat s paw literally translated as a cats claws, it is from “Aesops Fables”, metaphor is used to “having been used as a tool to use” or “the subject of to fool people” ; between Scylla and Carbides translated as “a dilemma” ,is from Homers epics; Pandoras box literal translation for the Pandoras box, which means “endless disaster”. Chinese idioms are mainly derived from the Chinese classical fables、stories and legends. For example, trust to chance and stroke of luck; only pay lip service, “The foolish old man who removed the mountain”. “Making a mark on the Boat to Looking for a Sword”. Those are derived from fable; Chang E flying to the moon, putting the finishing touch to the picture of a dragon, “Jingwei Trying to fill up the Sea”, those idioms are from myths and legends. These idioms fully reflects the Han nationality's unique ancient culture, it is difficult to find equivalent idiom in English also showing the great differences with the English national culture. Allusions in English idiom come from the “Bible” and the Greek and Roman mythology, such as “the Achilles heel” (the Achilles heel of the sole), “meet ones waterloo” (suffered a crushing defeat), “Penelopes web” (never able to fulfill the work), “a Pandoras box” (Pandoras the case dates disaster, trouble, the root causes of the scourge), etc.1.5   Different opinions on objectsThe meanings of all wisdoms which related to animals are very different between English and Chinese languages. Because the two peoples who attitude towards animals is different. Two peoples have the habit of dogs, but in China, people psychologically hate the creatures. Thus, in Chinese, the most idiom which related to “dog”  is derogatory , such as: henchman, the dog saw were low, a person who offers bad advice, a cornered beast will do something desperate, dogs bad one did not know a good heart. Lu Sun, a famous scholar once called on people to “tong da luo shui gou”. This shows that Chinese people hate dogs and have no praise to the dog.However, for Westerners, either gatekeepers or hunting dogs can also be regarded as human pets, friends or partner. So the Westerners have pity emotions to the dog. Many English idioms that related to dogs are not derogatory. Celebrity Roland during the French Revolution, famously Madame Roland said: "The more I observe people, the more I love dog.” obviously, “dog” in the Western is a favorite animal and is “faithful” symbol. In English, the words with “dog” are complimentary sense, among these are “Love me, love my dog.”; “A top dog” (the winners, so the overall situation of people); “a gay dog” (Happy); “a sea dog” (experienced sailor); “A water dog” (water well person); “to help a lame dog over a stile” (to help others in distress), “You are a lucky dog” (Youre really lucky), “better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion” (I would rather be beheaded, not to a cows rump)as a warning motto. Another example: “Bear” in Chinese and Westerners, produced in the minds of associative meanings are very different. When it comes to the “Bear”, Chinese people will think about the “useless, no skill” and other cultural contents, such as “Look at his bear-like”, “True Bear” and other derogatory term. In English, the bear may be described with special talents, such as people: “He is a bear at math.” He was a mathematical genius. Have this can be seen that the same animal words in different cultural background brings different associations.2   The Translation of Idioms“The translation is the process and results of that the one language or the variant of language turn into another language or the variant of language.” As most of the idiom with a strong ethnic color and local color, and some meanings are at a glance, some have many layers of meaning; translation must be based on the specific requirements of the upper and lower asking to determine its meaning. “WangZuoliang said: interpreter must be a real sense of the intellectuals.” When idioms are in the translation, the translator must not only faithfully convey the original meaning of the language, but also accurately describe the cultural connotation of the original. Through the comparison of the two culture of language as much as possible to maintain the original and the translation equivalently, allowing the reader to obtain exactly or substantially the same with the original feeling. “Therefore, the translation of idioms must take into account both sides, one can seek easy solutions, and one