第六讲商务翻译定语从句ppt课件.ppt

一般来说，限制性定语从句由于对主句起着限制作用，并影响着主句的完整性，所以在翻译时，只要译文上口而又不会引起误解，都是可以前置的。但是在实践中，由于汉语中短句的使用比英语更普遍，所以常常将限制性定语从句翻译成与主句并列的句子，而非限制性定语从句一般可以翻译成为并列句或独立句。,句法翻译之四：定语从句,（1）限定性定语从句的翻译（2）非限定性定语从句的翻译（3）带有状语功能的定语从句（4）分离式定语从句的翻译（5）As引导的定语从句,定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译,1.前置法：把英语的限制性定语从句翻译成带“的”字的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将英语的复句变成汉语的单句。例如：,Trade barrier is a pressing problem which we must deal with.,贸易壁垒是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。,In the room where the electronic computer is kept,there must be no dust at all.,在存放电子计算机的房间里，不能有一点灰尘。,定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译,1.前置法：,Everything that we saw at the Industrial Exhibition greatly interested us.,在工业博览会上所看到的一切引起了我们极大的兴趣。,There are real estate markets,foreign exchange markets,labor markets,short-term capital market,and so on;there may be a market for anything which has a price.,有房地产市场、外汇市场、劳务市场、短期资金市场等等；任何有价值的东西都可能有个市场。,2.后置法：译成并列分句，重复英语先行词,They would have to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly participated in an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.,总经理收到了她的信，信中说明她要辞职。,The managing director received a letter from her that announced her resignation.,他们可能不得不蒙受耻辱度过余生，这个耻辱就是：他曾贸然参与了一项行动，这项行动破坏了最高级会谈，并且可以设想，还可能触发一场核战争。,定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译,2.后置法译成并列分句，省略先行词,A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.,他们制定了一种新方法，采用之后产量已经迅速得到提高。,They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.,燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能够燃烧并放出热量。,定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译,3.溶合法是指把原句中的主句与定语从句溶合在一起翻译成一个独立的句子。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系密切，所以溶合法比较适合于翻译限制性定语从句。英语中的there be结构，去掉关系代词,There are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.,某些金属既能导电，又能被磁化。,There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.,有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。,定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译,Fortunately there are some US Congressmen who are supportive of extending MFN treatment to China.,幸好有些美国国会议员支持延长对华最惠国待遇。,某些带有定语从句的英语复合句强调的重点是定语从句的内容，在翻译成汉语时可将英语的主句压缩成汉语的名词词组，而把定语从句处理成谓语，即，将主句的主语处理成定语，将主句的宾语或表语处理成汉语的名词使其变成主语，去掉定语从句的主语（关系代词），使定语从句的谓语与主句的压缩结构（处理后的主语）构成主谓语关系。例如：,We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.,一位外国经济学家说道，“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。”,“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,”said a foreign economist.,我们驾驶的飞机几乎每个部件都有国籍的标志。,定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译,3.溶合法 主从糅合，重新组合。例如：,To those visitors who come from countries where social relationships develop more slowly during longer period of time,the American way may seem very frightening,too personal,and rude.,在一些国家里，人与人之间的社会关系是要长期慢慢培养的。习惯了这种情形的游客一旦到了美国，可能觉得美国人的方式很可怕，太注意私人问题，没有礼貌。,定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译,定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译,1.前置法一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限制性定语从句，可以翻译成汉语的前置定语，放在被修饰词之前。例如：,The sun,which had hidden all day,now came out in all its splendor.,那个整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了。,Transistors,which are small in size,can make previously large and bulky radios light and small.,体积小的晶体管使得先前那种又大又笨的收音机变得又小又轻。,His firm,which has suffered from a business slump for three years,now starts all over again.,他那个萧条了三年的公司，现在又重整旗鼓了。,000000000000000,定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译,2.后置法译成并列分句。在译文中将定语从句后置，重复英语关系代词所代表的含义。例如：,I lent my camcorder to Mr.Li,who in turn lent it to Mr.Wang in the marketing department.,我把摄像机借给了李先生，而李先生又把它借给了营销部的王先生。,This is a school of international business,the students of which are trained to be business executives for joint ventures or foreign-owned businesses.,这是一所国际商务学院，该院学生将被培养成合资或外国独资企业的管理者。,定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译,2.后置法在译文中将定语从句后置，省略英语关系代词所代表的含义。例如：,After dinner,the four key negotiators resumed their talks,which continued well into the night.,饭后，四个主要谈判人员继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。,Electrons also flow in a television tube,where they are made to hit the screen,causing a flash of light.,电子也流入电视显像管，撞击荧光屏，产生闪光。,定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译,2.后置法译成汉语的独立句。例如：,The President had talked to Secretary of Commerce Rom Brown,who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.,总统与商务部部长罗姆布朗谈过话。商务部长向总统保证，凡是能够做到的事情都将竭尽全力去做。,I hope your success,which is an inspiration to me,will continue.,我希望你不断取得成功，你的成功对我是个鼓舞。,3.溶合法主从糅合，重新组合。例如：,定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译,This poem,which almost everybody knows,is written by Tennyson.丁尼生写的这首诗，几乎人尽皆知。,定语从句（3）：带有状语功能的定语从句,译成表示“原因”的分句。例如：,The speaker did not talk at length about the matter,which was not considered by the White House to be a particularly important question.,发言人没有详细谈到这件事情，因为白宫没有把这件事情看做是一个特别重要的问题。,We did not place an order with that company,whose offer was not what we had expected.,我们没有与那家公司签订购买订单，因为他们的报价超出我们的预料。,定语从句（3）：带有状语功能的定语从句,译成表示“结果”的分句。例如：,There was something original,independent,and heroic about the plan that pleased all of the directors of the board.,这个方案具有创新性，独具一格，很有魄力，因此董事们都很喜欢。,Late last century,all universities in the United States adopted the credit system which benefited students a great deal.,上个世纪末，美国所有大学都采用了学分制，从而使学生们受益匪浅。,定语从句（3）：带有状语功能的定语从句,译成表示“让步”的分句。例如：,Electronic computers,which have many advantages,cannot carry out creative work or replace men.,尽管电子计算机有许多优点，但是它们不能进行创造性工作，也不能代替人。,My assistant,who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment,could not obtain satisfactory results,because he followed them mechanically.,虽然我的助手在做试验之前已从头到尾仔细阅读过说明书，但是由于他生搬硬套，所以不能取得满意的结果。,定语从句（3）：带有状语功能的定语从句,译成表示“目的”的分句。例如：,Private universities in the United States have offered a wide range of courses that will suit the needs of different students.,美国私立大学开设了多种多样的课程，以满足不同学生的需求。,We recognize the need to establish and develop institutions which help to tame the unbridled exercise of power.,我们认识到需要建立和发展一些机构，以有助于对权力滥用的控制。,定语从句（3）：带有状语功能的定语从句,译成表示“条件、假设”的分句。例如：,Men become desperate for work,any work,which will help them to keep alive their family.,人们极其迫切地需要工作，不管什么工作，只要能够维持一家人的生活就行。,He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.,如果有人敢于公然反抗世界舆论而一意孤行，他一定是个鲁莽之徒。,10.25,定语从句（4）：分离式定语从句的翻译,中心词形容词短语定语从句有时候句子的中心词和定语从句被形容词短语分隔开来，在翻译的时候，通常采用“定语从句形容词短语中心词”的结构，也就是将原来的顺序完全颠倒过来。例如：,Snow-white cloth,suitable for making shirts,that is produced in our factory,has been sold out.,我厂生产的适合于制作衬衫的纯白布匹已经买完了。,Such viewpoint,particularly prominent in less developed regions in China,that education is useless,is understandable.,读书无用这种在中国落后地区尤为突出的观点是可以理解的。,定语从句（4）：分离式定语从句的翻译,中心词介词短语定语从句有时候，中心词和定语从句被作为状语的介词短语分隔开来，这种结构在翻译的时候通常是将介词短语放到中心词的前面做状语，而定语从句如果不长的话，可放在中心词的前面，如果太长的话，则放在后面，翻译成独立句。例如：,He is the only one in the company who hasnt obtained an MBA degree.,他是公司中惟一没有取得MBA学位的人。,There are times during a negotiation when one of the parties will suddenly leave the table and then the talks will collapse.,在谈判期间，有时一方会突然退出，于是谈判宣布破裂。,定语从句（4）：分离式定语从句的翻译,中心词两个定语从句有时候一个中心词后面同时出现两个定语从句作为其修饰语，紧跟其后的定语从句通常比较短，而第二个定语从句比较长。在翻译的时候，将第一个定语从句放在中心词前面，至于第二个定语从句，如果比较短的话，也可以放在中心词之前（只要汉语通顺），否则可以将第二定语从句翻译成并列句。例如：,This is the first field we find that is dominated by women.,这是我们发现的妇女占主导地位的第一个行业。,It is the only place we find in the United States that is free of violence.,这里是我们在美国所能找到的惟一一个没有暴力的地方。,定语从句（4）：分离式定语从句的翻译,中心词谓语定语（同位语）从句在这种结构中，定语从句与中心词的关系非常密切，但是由于定语（同位语）从句过长，为避免句子头重脚轻，通常把修饰主语的定语（同位语）从句放在中心词谓语的后面，远离中心词。如果是定语从句，则要将其翻译成中心词的定语；如果是同位语从句，在翻译时一般先翻译谓语部分，然后翻译中心词，再翻译同位语从句。例如：,All is not gold that glitters.,发光的东西不一定都是金子。,A fax has come from the New York based headquarters that notifies a 5 percent discount off the original price.,纽约总部发来传真通知价格下调百分之五。,定语从句（4）：分离式定语从句的翻译,中心词其他成分定语从句这种结构中的定语从句同中心词（主语）的关系不是很密切，只对中心词进行补充或说明，它被其他成分尤其是谓语部分隔开。在翻译时，如果中心词同时又是定语从句的逻辑主语时，就将其翻译成并列句并概括先行词；如果定语从句有自己的主语时，就将其翻译成独立句。例如：,Great changes have taken place in Chinas economy in just a few years that have aroused world attention.,中国经济仅在过去的几年中就发生了天翻地覆的变化，这引起了世界瞩目。,定语从句（4）：分离式定语从句的翻译,中心词插入语定语从句有时候，一个句子的中心词和定语从句被一个插入语隔开，插入语对整个句子起着附加说明的作用，在翻译这种结构时，可以将插入语放在句首或中心词后面，将定语从句放在中心词后面翻译成并列句，或者是独立句并重复先行词。例如：,We ought to put this on the agenda,in conclusion,which must be carried out in three weeks.,总之，我们应当把它列入议程，该议程必须在三周内得到执行。,We should strengthen our ties with them,on the contrary,who will be very helpful to our economic constructions.,相反，我们应该加强与他们的联系，因为他们对于我们的经济建设大有帮助。,定语句式（5）：As引导的定语从句,as引导的定语从句位于句首当as引导的定语从句位于句首时，在翻译时一般将其放在句首或句尾。例如：,As is very natural,the biggest shareholder gets the greatest benefits.,最大的股东获得最多的利益，这是很自然的。,As is known to all,a business organization cannot be well run without advanced management.,众所周知，没有先进的管理，一个企业组织就不会得到很好的运转。,定语句式（5）：As引导的定语从句,as引导的定语从句位于句中或句末当as引导的定语从句位于句中或句尾时，在翻译时将as引导的定语从句放在句中，变成状语，将as译成“与相同”、“像那样”。例如：,The people of Europe next time would not do the fighting and let the United States capitalists do the profit-making,as they did in the first two world wars.,欧洲人再也不会像他们在前两次世界大战那样打起来，让美国资本家大发横财。,The business slump did happen as some economists had predicted.,经济衰退确实像有些经济学家预测的那样发生了。,The Course for Business English Translation is not,as some think,difficult to pass.,商务英语翻译一课没有像有些人所想像的那样很难及格。,定语句式（5）：As引导的定语从句,在否定句中，还可以将as引导的定语从句前置，翻译成汉语“和/与相反”。例如：,She did not,as her family had feared,go to see the stranger alone.,与家人担心的正相反，她没有独自去见陌生人。,Spiders are not insects,as many people think,not even related to them.,与许多人所想的相反，蜘蛛不属于昆虫，甚至与昆虫没有近亲关系。,定语从句（3）：带有状语功能的定语从句,You should have to be very careful not to offend the foreman,who could give you the sack at any time.,你可得多加小心，不要得罪工头，因为工头随时都可能炒你鱿鱼。,The first decade in space saw accomplishments in science and technology which affected our concept of the entire universe.,太空探险的头十年间，在科学和技术方面都取得了成就，从而影响了我们对宇宙的看法。,定语从句（3）：带有状语功能的定语从句,The task,which seemed to be difficult,was already accomplished in time.,虽然任务似乎很艰巨，但已及时完成。,He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.,他想写一篇文章，以便引起公众对这件事的注意。,There are times during a snowstorm when the temperature will suddenly drop and the snow will change to sleet and hail.,在暴风雨期间，有时气温会突然下降，雪会变成冻雨（雨夹雪）和冰雹。,An order has come from Berlin that no language but German may be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine.,柏林来了命令说，在阿尔萨斯和洛林的学校里只准教德语。,Very wonderful changes take place in matter before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.,奇妙的物质变化每天都在我们眼前发生，只是我们很少注意到。,As is very natural,no living things can live without air.,没有空气任何生物都不能够生存，这是很自然的。,As is known to all,a body at rest will not move unless it is acted upon by a force.,众所周知，静止的物体在没有外力作用的情况下是不会移动的。,各国政府在进行区域一体化协议谈判时，有责任在协议当中加入一些降低负面影响的条款，这些负面影响如失业、弱小企业倒闭等。,When they negotiate regional integration agreements,national governments have a responsibility to include provisions that reduce harmful effects such as job losses and the failure of small or weak firms.,Foreign invaders that are larger,have stronger brands,or enjoy other advantages can overwhelm local firms in their home markets.,由于进入该国的外国企业规模更大、品牌实力更强或拥有其他优势，因此可能在本土企业的国内市场战胜它们。,1.A lot of things happened to the board of directors during his absence which he did not know.2.I guessed that in the past he had acquired a good deal of experience in dealing with Middle West businessmen who had to be cajoled into paying a fancy price for an old masters painting.3.In the third world,where two out of three people still live by faming,food shortage and malnutrition are common.4.Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling to a visitor.5.They saw the first glimmerings of the“new economic order for which many third world countries have long been clamoring.,6.Each day we make choices that affect our lives and sometimes the lives of others.7.While at a museum,one can frequently rent a small recording machine that will explain the objects on display as you move through the museum.8.there are also great advantages that come from the variety of culture brought by settlers from other lands.9.in fact,many Americans who could afford to hire a cook or driver do not employ them.10.the airplane is the first in the scale of increasing vehicle size that would appear to be adapted to nuclear power.,1.A lot of things happened to the board of directors during his absence which he did not know.他不在时董事会发生了许多事情，而他对这一切毫无所知。2.I guessed that in the past he had acquired a good deal of experience in dealing with Middle West businessmen who had to be cajoled into paying a fancy price for an old masters painting.我猜他过去和那些中西部商人做交易，一定获得了不少经验；那些商人不用花言巧语哄骗是绝不肯花上那些骇人听闻的价钱买一张大名家的画的。,3.In the third world,where two out of three people still live by faming,food shortage and malnutrition are common.在第三世界，有三分之二的人仍然以务农为主，但粮食短缺和营养不良现象却司空见惯。4.Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling to a visitor.美国人有许多风俗习惯在陌生人看来是颇为费解的。,5.They saw the first glimmerings of the“new economic order for which many third world countries have long been clamoring.他们看到了第三世界国家长期呼吁的“经济新秩序”的一线曙光。6.Each day we make choices that affect our lives and sometimes the lives of others.我们每天遇事都拿主意，主意拿的对不对，会影响自己的生活，有时也会影响别人的生活。,7.While at a museum,one can frequently rent a small recording machine that will explain the objects on display as you move through the museum.在博物馆参观的时候，你常常可以租用一个小录音机，以便你一面参观，一面听有关展品的录音解说。8.there are also great advantages that come from the variety of culture brought by settlers from other lands.移民从各地带来了各种文化，也产生了极大的好处。,9.in fact,many Americans who could afford to hire a cook or driver do not employ them.其实，许多美国人都花得起钱请厨师、司机，但他们不那么做。10.the airplane is the first in the scale of increasing vehicle size that would appear to be adapted to nuclear power.在逐渐增加的运输工具体积级别上，飞机是第一位，因此看来是适宜于采用核动力的。,