第三部分第二章自我与自我概念ppt课件.ppt

第三部分 第二章 自我概念理解我是谁,主要内容,自我与自我概念自我概念形成与发展自尊自我效能感自我呈现,一、自我与自我概念介绍,1、自我概念：将自身作为个体（即客观我）的一种认知。,2、自我概念的功能自我一致性维持经验解释期望定向：指人们对情境和自己行为的期望是受自我概念引导的。在各种不同的情境中，人们对于事情发生的期待和自己在情境中如何行为，都高度决定于自己的我概念。（类似于自我预言实验）金盛华(1993)：差生的消极自我概念导致消极自我期望。,孩子长到大约到68月龄时，开始出现自己身体和自身连续性的感觉。儿童自我意识正是在这一基础上逐步发展起来的。随着儿童认知能力的不断提高，尤其是随着语言的学习和与他人的相互作用，开始逐渐学会用符号来指称周围世界的客体，并最终了解了语词中“我”的内涵，开始用“我”来代替“宝宝”，此时自我已经明确分化为一个独立的对象。我国小学三年级以上学生已形成十分清晰的自我概念（韩进之,1990)。,二、自我概念的形成与发展,1、埃里克森的自我(自我意识）发展理论 1.基本信任对不信任 婴儿期（018个月）2.自主对怀疑和羞愧 童年期（18个月4岁）3.主动感对内疚 学前期（46岁）4.勤奋对自卑 学龄期（612岁）5.自我同一性对同一性混乱 青春期（1218岁）6.亲密对孤离 成年早期（1830岁）7.产出对停滞 中壮年期（3050岁）8.自我完整对绝望 老年阶段（50岁以后）,2、自我概念获得的两种途径 Introspection（内省）:Looking inward to discover the causes of our own behavior自我服务偏差与高于均数效应（above average effect)再次回忆“积极错觉”对自我Eg.做每日计划？Considering ourselves from others vantage point(观察点)Both are not accuracy。,Social Comparison:How We Evaluate Ourselves,Social Comparison Theory:We compare ourselves to others because there is no other objective yardstick to evaluate ourselves against;thus other people are highly informative.（费斯庭格，1954）Upward social comparison Downward social comparison,Social Comparison:How We Evaluate Ourselves,The Self-evaluation maintenance model（自我评价维护模型）:In order to maintain a positive view of the self at the individual level,we distance from others who perform better and move closer to those who perform worse.The reverse is true when ones social identity is salient at the group level.以保护我们的自尊 Eg.,Low-performing target is liked best in an interpersonal context,high-performing target is likely best in an intergroup context(Fig.4.15),Cultural Differences in the self-concept Markus and Kitayama(1998)Independent self(独立我)in the Western cultures Interdependent self（相依我）in Eastern cultures Self-enhancing Americans（自我提升）Self-criticizing Japanese（自我批判）,三、自 尊,自尊的结构与影响因素自我差距与自我提高自尊的测量自我效能,自尊：The degree to which the self is perceived positively or negatively.,（一）自尊的结构与影响因素 1、自尊的结构 波普(Pope,1988)提出，自尊体现在五个方面：社会方面的自尊；学业自我效能方面的自尊；家庭方面的自尊；身体意象方面的自尊；整体自尊。张静(2002)认为自尊由自我效能(或自我胜任)和自我悦纳(或自爱)组成。魏运华(1997)发现，儿童的自尊结构由外表、体育运动、能力、成就感、纪律、公德与助人等六个因素组成。蔡建红(2001)调查发现，大学生的自尊结构由一般自我价值感、社交口才、学习能力、他人及社会认同、父母关系、归属群体、人际亲密、演讲、体育运动九个因素构成。黄希庭(1998)认为，自尊可以分为总体自尊、一般自尊和特殊自尊。,2、影响自尊的环境与经验因素 首先，父母教养方式是影响儿童自尊发展的重要因素。其次，学业成绩 第三，个人因素对自尊水平有影响。,（三）自尊的测量 自我报告：罗森伯格自尊量表总体自尊 1个项目量表：“我的自尊很高”不同领域自尊量表：德克萨斯社会行为调查量表、身体量表 内隐自尊测验,罗森伯格自尊量表,指导语：这个量表是用来了解您是怎样看待自己的。请仔细阅读下面的句子，选择最符合您情况的选项。请注意，这里要回答的是您实际上认为您自己怎样，而不是回答您认为您应该怎样。答案无正确与错误或好与坏之分，请按照您的真实情况并在相应的数字上画圈。数字代表的意思如下：1非常不符合；2不同意；3同意；4非常同意1、我觉得我是一个有价值的人，至少与其他人在同一水平上。2、我觉得我有许多好的品质。3、归根到底，我倾向于觉得自己是一个失败者。4、我能像大多数人一样把事情做好。5、我感到自己值得自豪的地方不多。6、我对自己持肯定态度。7、总的来说，我对自己是满意的。8、我希望能为自己赢得更多尊重。9、我确实时常感到毫无用处。10、我时常认为自己一无是处。,内隐自尊测验,Self assessment 自我评价 Self-evaluation Self-enhancement自我提升 Self verification 自我证实Self-esteem Upward comparison Social comparison Downward comparison Research indicates:High self-esteem has beneficial consequences while low self-esteem has the opposite effect.Variable self-esteem has more negative consequences than low self-esteem.,高自尊总是有益无害吗？与欺弱、自恋、爱表现、自夸、人际侵犯、攻击,Do Women and Men Differ in Their Level of Self-Esteem?,On average,women have lower self-esteem than men,especially in nations with more exclusion of women from public life.Self-esteem is responsive to the treatment received from others.Women are more likely to experience devaluation and discrimination,resulting in lower self-esteem.High self-esteem can be difficult to achieve for those who are excluded from valued social roles,四、自我效能自我效能感：指个体对自己是否有能力为完成某一行为所进行的推测与判断。（1）控制点理论 罗特(Rotter,1971,1973)控制点：指人们关于影响自己行为和结果的力量位置的看法。内部控制(internal control)与外部控制(external control),（2）习得无助 习得无助(learned helplessness)指人或动物面对反复出现的不好的事件，感到难以控制，从而学会了放弃并感到无望的现象。塞利格曼等人(Seligman&Overmier,1967),思考：如何消除习得性无助？（3）自我决定（self-determination）注意：完全的自由和自我决定，可能转化为一种负担。过多的选择可能使人麻痹。,（4）自我效能感的行为效应 A.自我效能感的行为效应 选择行为 努力付出与坚持不懈 思维方式和情感反应 B.自我效能的信息来源 获得的成就 替代性经验,五、自我呈现（Self-Presentation）:Managing the Self in Different Social Contexts,Self-presentation:Presenting ourselves to a constantly observing and potentially ever-changing audience.As Shakespeare described:“All the worlds a stage and all the men and women merely players”,Self-Presentation Tactics,1.Self-promotion（自我提升）Presenting our most favorable aspects2.Self-verification perspective（自我验证的观点）Present ourselves in ways that induce others to agree with our own self-viewsIngratiation 奉迎 When we try to make others like us by conveying that we like them4.Self-deprecating 自贬 Put the self down,or imply one is not as good as the other,思考：网络中自我呈现与现实中自我呈现的异同？为什么常说网络是虚无的，不可靠的？,Self-Presentation Tactics,Online communication and Self-presentationLacks cues that help with accuracyRisk of misunderstanding by others with emotional and sarcastic contentsShy people and those who desire greater control over their self-presentations may prefer asynchronous(不同步)forms of communication(email)to face-to-face communication.Take away from developing social skills in the real world.,The next class presentation,1.How can we change others attitude?2.What should we do if we want to resist persuasion?3.Define cognitive dissonance,and describe the tactics people can use to get rid of dissonance.,