土木工程专业英语(第二版 段兵延)第3课剖析ppt课件.ppt

Lesson 3 Components of A Building 建筑物的组成,New words and phrases:,artition converter framework surpass exterior lintelopaque deck corrugate duct ancillary ventilateallocate conceal conduit stratification exhibitcurtain wall 幕墙 bearing wall 承重墙plumbing system 卫生设备系统 plumber 水管工人A plumber is a person who fits and mends the plumbing.管子工是安装和修理水管的人。air conditioning 空气调节,4. surpass 超过，胜过(1) To be beyond the limit, powers, or capacity of 超过权限、权力或能力(2) To be or go beyond as in degree or quality 在程度或质量上胜过或超过5. exterior 外部的，外面的反义词interior 内部的ex表示“由.出来, 自”之义如：ex-president 前任总统14. conceal 隐蔽、隐瞒conceal sth. from sb. 对某人隐瞒某事如: He concealed his real motives from me.,Words,Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. 材料和结构形式被组合在一起形成了建筑物的不同部分。包括承重的框架、外墙、楼板层、以及隔墙。 The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. 建筑物还有机械和电力系统，比如，电梯、供暖制冷系统，照明系统。 The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation, is that part of a building below ground. 上部结构是建筑物在地面上的部分 , 而下部结构以及基础是建筑物的地下部分。super- 表示“在.上,加之”之义。superabundant 过多的, 有余的,Components of A Building 建筑物的组成部分,The skyscraper, owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century：steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. 摩天大楼的出现得益于19世纪的两大发展 ：钢结构建筑和载人电梯。 Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1855. 钢材作为一种建筑材料是始于1855年贝色麦转炉炼钢法的引入。 Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923) introduce steel construction in France. Gustave Eiffel将钢结构引入法国。 His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework. 1889年巴黎展览会的塔和他为Galerie des 机械的设计表现了钢结构的灵活性。,Development of High Buildings 高建筑物的发展,The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers. 埃非尔铁搭高达300m，是当时人类修建的最高的结构，直到40年后，其高度才被美国的一系列的摩天大楼超过。 The first elevator was installed by Elisha Otis in a department store in New York, in 1857. 第一部电梯是由Elisha Otis在1857年安装在纽约的一座百货公司里。 In 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour. 1889年，埃非尔首次在埃非尔铁塔上安装大型升降机，这种液压式升降机每小时可以运送2350位乘客到最高点。,Development of High Buildings 高建筑物的发展,Eiffel Tower,Until the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. 直到19世纪晚期，建筑物外墙被用作支承楼板的承重墙。 This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. 这种建筑本质上就是柱和过梁的组合类型，它仍然被用在房屋的框架结构中。 Bearing-wall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall thickness required; for instance, the 16-story Monadnock Building built in the 1880s in Chicago had walls 5 feet (1.5 meters) thick at the lower floors. 承重墙体限制了建筑物的高度，因为墙体的厚度要求很厚；比如，1891年芝加哥建成的16层高的蒙诺那克大楼，其底层的外墙厚度达到1.5m。,Load-Carrying Frame 承重框架,Monadnock Building in Chicago,In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) supported floors on cast-iron columns to form a cage-like construction. 在 1883 年，詹尼将楼板设置在铸铁柱上形成一个像笼子一样的建筑物。 Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. 框架建筑，由钢梁和柱组成，最早运用于1889年。 As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls become a curtain wall rather than serving a supporting function. 随着框架建筑的出现，围护墙体成了“幕墙”，不再起承重的功能。 Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 1930s, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used. 二十世纪三十年代以前都是采用砖石作为幕墙材料，此后都是用轻型金属和玻璃作为幕墙材料。,Load-Carrying Frame 承重框架,After the introduction of the steel skeleton, the height of buildings continued to increase rapidly. 随着钢结构的引入，建筑物的高度迅速增加。 All tall buildings were built with a skeleton of steel until World War II. 直到二次世界大战，所有的高层建筑都采用钢结构。 After the war, the shortage of steel and the improved quality of concrete led to tall buildings being built of reinforced concrete. 战后，钢材的短缺和混凝土质量的改进，促使高层建筑采用钢筋混凝土。 Marina Towers (1962) in Chicago is the tallest concrete building in the United States；its height588 feet (179 meters)is exceeded by the 650-foot (198-meter) Post Office Tower in London and by other towers 芝加哥的Marina塔是美国最高的混凝土建筑；它的高度（179m）被伦敦的邮政大楼（198m）和其它的塔超过了。,Load-Carrying Frame 承重框架,Marina Towers and Post Office Tower,A change in attitude about skyscraper construction has brought a return to the use of the bearing wall. 对摩天大楼看法的改变，使得承重墙体又重新获得使用。 In New York City, the Columbia Broadcasting System Building, designed by Eero Saarinen in 1962, has a perimeter wall consisting of 5-foot (1.5-meter) wide concrete columns spaced 10 feet (3 meters) from column center to center. 在纽约市，埃诺沙里宁设计的哥伦比亚广播系统大楼，有一个由5英尺（1.5米）宽，相邻柱的中心距为10英尺（3米）的混凝土柱组成的围墙。 This perimeter wall, in effect, constitutes a bearing wall. 这片围墙实际上组成了一个承重墙体。,Load-Carrying Frame 承重框架,One reason for this trend is that stiffness against the action of wind can be economically obtained by using the walls of the building as a tube; the World Trade Center, buildings are another example of this tube approach. 产生这种趋势的一个理由是，利用建筑物的墙壁作为一个筒体，可以非常经济地获得抵抗风荷载作用的足够刚度；世界贸易大厦是这种筒体方法的另一个例证。 In contrast, rigid frames or vertical trusses are usually provided to give lateral stability. 与之对比，刚性框架或垂直桁架通常提供侧向稳定性。,Load-Carrying Frame 承重框架,The skin of a building consists of both transparent elements (windows) and opaque elements (walls). 建筑物的外墙由透明部分（窗户）和不透明部分（实墙）组成。 Windows are traditionally glass, although plastics are being used, especially in schools where breakage creates a maintenance problem. 窗户是传统的玻璃，尽管也采用塑料，特别是在学校，打碎玻璃常引起维修方面的问题。 The wall elements, which are used to cover the structure and are supported by it, are built of a variety of materials: brick, precast concrete, stone, opaque glass, plastics, steel, and aluminum. 实墙用于结构的维护以及承重，可以用各种各样的材料：砖，预制混凝土，石头,不透明物玻璃，塑料，钢和铝。 Wood is used mainly in house construction; it is not generally used for commercial, industrial, or public buildings because of the fire hazard. 木材主要用于住宅类建筑，商业、工业或其它公共建筑，考虑到火灾的危险性不常使用。,Skin 外墙,The construction of the floors in a building depends on the basic structural frame that is used. 楼板层的施工取决于所采用的基本结构框架。 In steel skeleton construction, floors are either slabs of concrete resting on steel beams or a deck consisting of corrugated steel with a concrete topping. 在钢结构中，楼板层可以是放置在钢梁上的混凝土平板也可以是表面附有混凝土的波纹钢组成的楼板。 In concrete construction, the floors are either slabs of concrete on concrete beams or a series of closely spaced concrete beams (ribs) in two directions topped with a thin concrete slab, giving the appearance of a waffle on its underside. 在混凝土结构中，楼板层可以是放置在混凝土梁上的平板，也可以是井字型肋梁楼盖，下腹看起来就象华夫饼干。,Floors 楼板层,The kind of floor that is used depends on the span between supporting columns or walls and the function of the space. 这种楼板结构形式取决于支撑的柱或墙的跨度以及空间的功能。 In an apartment building, for instance, where walls and columns are spaced at 12 to 18 feet (3.7 to 5.5 meters), the most popular construction is a solid concrete slab with no beams. 举例来说，在一个公寓建筑物中，墙壁和柱子的跨度是3.7m到5.5m，最流行的是不带梁的混凝土平板。 The underside of the slab serves as the ceiling for the space below it. 平板的下方是下部空间的天花板。 Corrugated steel decks are often used in office buildings because the corrugations when enclosed by another sheet of metal form ducts for telephone and electrical lines. 办公建筑中常采用波纹钢板，这是因为波纹钢地板的波纹由另一块金属板盖上时，就成为电话线和电线的管道。,Floors 楼板层,A modern building not only contains the space for which it is intended (office, classroom, apartment) but also contains ancillary space for mechanical and electrical systems that help to provide a comfortable environment. 一个现代建筑不仅包括它所需要的空间 （办公室、教室、公寓），还包括帮助提供舒适环境的机械和电力系统的辅助空间。 These ancillary spaces in a skyscraper office building may constitute 25% of the total building area. 一幢摩天办公大厦的辅助空间可能占到总建筑面积的25%。 The importance of heating, ventilating, electrical, and plumbing systems in an office building is shown by the fact that 40% of the construction budget is allocated to them. 在办公大楼中，供暖，通风，电力和卫生管道系统的重要性体现在工程预算的40%被分配给它们。,Mechanical and Electrical Systems 机械和电气系统,Because of the increased use of sealed buildings with windows that cannot be opened, elaborate mechanical systems are provided for ventilation and air conditioning. 由于更多地采用不能开窗的密封性建筑，精良的机械系统被用来进行通风和空气调节。 Ducts and pipes carry fresh air from central fan rooms and air conditioning machinery. 通风管道从中央换气室和空气调节机带来新鲜空气。 The ceiling, which is suspended below the upper floor construction, conceals the ductwork and contains the lighting units. 悬吊在上部楼板结构下面的天花板，隐藏着管道系统，还包含照明设备。 Electrical wiring for power and for telephone communication may also be located in this ceiling space or may be buried in the floor construction in pipes or conduits. 用于动力和电话通讯的电力配线，也可以被安置在天花板空间内，或被埋置在楼板结构中的管道内。,Mechanical and Electrical Systems 机械和电气系统,There have been attempts to incorporate the mechanical and electrical systems into the architecture of buildings by frankly expressing them; for example, the American Republic Insurance Company Building (1965) in Des Moines, Iowa, exposes both the ducts and the floor structure in an organized and elegant pattern and dispenses with the suspended ceiling. 已经有人尝试在建筑物里将混合的机械和电力系统暴露出来。举例来说，在爱荷华州首府得梅因的美国共和保险公司大楼（1965），管道和楼板结构以一种有组织和优雅的形式暴露在外，并且省掉了悬挂的天花板。 This type of approach makes it possible to reduce the cost of the building and permits innovations, such as in the span of the structure. 这种方法使得减少建筑物的花费成为可能，并且可以允许革新，例如在结构的跨度方面。,Mechanical and Electrical Systems 机械和电气系统,American Republic Insurance Company Building,All buildings are supported on the ground; and therefore the nature of the soil becomes an extremely important consideration in the design of any building. 所有的建筑物都支撑在地面上，因此，土体的性质成为任何建筑设计中极为重要的考虑因素。 The design of a foundation depends on many soil factors, such as type of soil, soil stratification, thickness of soil layers and their compaction, and groundwater conditions. 基础的设计取决于许多土体因素，比如土体类型、土体分层、土层厚度以及它们的密实性和地下水条件。 Soils rarely have a single composition; they generally are mixtures in layers of varying thickness. 土体很少有一个单一的成分。它们通常是不同厚度土层的混合物。,Soils and Foundations 土体和基础,For evaluation, soils are graded according to particle size, which increases from silt to clay to sand to gravel to rock. 为了评估，土壤根据颗粒的大小被分为淤泥、粘土、砂土、砂砾和岩石。 In general, the larger particle soils will support heavier loads than the smaller ones. 一般来说，较大颗粒的土壤比颗粒小的土壤更能承重。 The hardest rock can support loads up to 100 tons per square foot (976.5metric tons/sq meter), but the softest silt can support a load of only 0.25 ton per square foot (2.44 metric tons/sq meter). 最坚硬的岩石每平方英尺可以承受100吨重量，而最软的淤泥只能承受每平方英尺0.25吨的重量。,Soils and Foundations 土体和基础,All soils beneath the surface are in a state of compaction; that is, they are under a pressure that is equal to the weight of the soil column above it. 地表下所有的土壤都处于受压状态，也就是，这些土承受与作用在其上的土柱重量相等的压力。 Many soils (except for most sands and gravels) exhibit elastic propertiesthey deform when compressed under load and rebound when the load is removed. 许多土(除了大部分的砂土和砂砾以外) 表现出弹性性质，当处于荷载作用受压状态下它们发生变形，当荷载移开时，恢复原来的状态。 The elasticity of soils is often time-dependent, that is, deformations of the soil occur over a length of time which may vary from minutes to years after a load is imposed. 土壤的弹性性能通常随时间变化，也就是，当施加荷载作用后，土壤的变形可持续几分钟到几年的时间。,Soils and Foundations 土体和基础,Over a period of time, a building may settle if it imposes a load on the soil greater than the natural compaction weight of the soil. 经过一段时间，一幢建筑物如果对土壤施加的作用力大于土所受的自然压力，建筑物会发生沉降。 Conversely，a building may heave if it imposes loads on the soil smaller than the natural compaction weight. 相反地，如果它作用于土壤的力小于土所受的自然压力，建筑物可能会被顶起来。 The soil may also flow under the weight of a building; that is, it tends to be squeezed out. 土壤也可能在建筑物重力作用下发生滑移，也就是，有可能被挤出。 Due to both the compaction and flow effects, buildings tend to settle. 由于受压和滑移作用，建筑物可能发生沉降。,Soils and Foundations 土体和基础,Uneven settlements, exemplified by the leaning towers in Pisa and Bologna, can have damaging effects-the building may lean, walls and partitions may crack, windows and doors may become inoperative, and, in the extreme, a building may collapse. 不均匀沉降，例如比萨斜塔和博洛尼亚斜塔，会造成破坏性作用建筑物发生倾斜，墙体和隔墙会发生裂缝，窗户和门无法打开，最严重的是，建筑物可能发生坍塌。 Uniform settlements are not so serious, although extreme conditions; such as those in Mexico City, can have serious consequences. 均匀沉降没有这么严重，尽管极端的一些情况，比如墨西哥城的那些沉降，就造成了严重的后果。 Over the past 100 years, a change in the groundwater level there has caused some buildings to settle more than 10 feet (3 meters). 在过去100年，地表水位的变动造成了一些建筑物沉降超过3m。,Soils and Foundations 土体和基础,leaning towers in Pisa and Bologna,Because such movements can occur during and after construction, careful analysis of the behavior of soils under a building is vital. 因为这些移动会在施工时或施工完后发生，因此仔细分析建筑物下部的土体特性是至关重要的。 The great variability of soils has led to a variety of solutions to the foundation problem. 土的多变性决定了解决基础问题的多样化。 Where firm soil exists close to the surface, the simplest solution is to rest columns on a small slab of concrete (spread footing). 坚硬的土层接近于地表时，最简单的解决方法就是将柱子放置在一个小的混凝土板上 （扩展基础）。 Where the soil is softer, it is necessary to spread the column load over a greater area; in this case, a continuous slab of concrete (raft or mat) under the whole building is used. 土层较软时，有必要将柱荷载传递到一个较大的面积上 ，在这种情况下，在整个建筑物底下会采用连续的混凝土板（筏板或垫）。,Soils and Foundations 土体和基础,In cases where the soil near the surface is unable to support the weight of the building, piles of wood, steel, or concrete are driven down to firm soil. 当地表附近的土体不能承载建筑物重量时，可将木桩、钢桩或混凝土桩打入硬土层。 The construction of a building proceeds naturally from the foundation up to the superstructure. 建筑物的施工自然是从基础再到上部结构。 The design process, however，proceeds from the roof down to the foundation (in the direction of gravity) . 然而，设计过程则是从屋顶到基础（按重力作用方向）。 In the past，the foundation was not subject to systematic investigation. 过去，基础并不依照系统调查而设计。,Soils and Foundations 土体和基础,A scientific approach to the design of foundations has been developed in the 20th century. 在20世纪，科学的基础设计方法才发展起来。 Karl Terzaghi of the United States pioneered studies that made it possible to make accurate predictions of the behavior of foundations, using the science of soil ，mechanics coupled with exploration and testing procedures. 美国的太沙基 运用土质学、力学、勘探和测试手段作出的最早研究让精确预测基础的行为成为可能。 Foundation failures of the past, such as the classical example of the leaning tower in Pisa, have become almost nonexistent. 过去基础的失事，比如经典的比萨斜塔，已经几乎不会再出现了。 Foundations still are a hidden but costly part of many buildings. 基础仍然是许多建筑物隐蔽而昂贵的部分。,Soils and Foundations 土体和基础,This text mainly introduced the components of a building. It includes load-carrying frame, skin, floors, mechanical and electrical systems. In addition, we also knew some knowledge about the design of a foundation. 这篇文章主要介绍了建筑物的组成部分，它包括承重框架、外墙、楼板、机械和电气系统。此外，我们也了解到了一些有关基础设计的知识。 要求：掌握这篇文章给我们介绍的一些专业知识。,Brief Summary,