土木工程专业英语(第二版 段兵延)第1课ppt课件.ppt

土木工程专业英语,厦门工学院土木工程学院系列课程,Lesson 1 Civil Engineering土木工程,New words and phrases:predominate geotechnical Specification supervisesubcontractor hurricane asphalt aluminum runoff lock fill scrubber incineration toxic combustible ramp excavate precisely Aerial sonic plotting municipal Commission drainage system 排水系统,Words,Predominate =pre(前、预)+dominate(控制)Geotechnical=geo(地球的、地的)+technical(技术的)Specification=specify(规定)+ation(名词后缀) 规定、规范、说明书Supervise=super(超的、在上面的)+vise(vision 看的词根)Subcontractor=sub(次、下)+contractor(承包商)Combustible=combust(燃烧)+ible(可能的)=可燃的,2. geotechnical di:uteknikl岩土工程的 geo-构词成分：地球、土地 geography dirfi 地理学 geobiology di:ubaildi 地理生物学 geocentric ,di(:)usentrik 以地球为中心的5. subcontractors 转包商 sub-前缀： （1）在底下 subsoil （2）（地位、级别）低、副 subeditor （3）分、再 subdivide （4）几乎、近于 subarctic suburban,Words,Organization of this text,Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environmentThis environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。 Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations 土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。,Civil engineering and civil engineers,They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads，pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial，commercial, or residential use 他们也修建私人拥有的设施，如机场、铁路、管线、高楼大厦，和为工业、商业、民用设计的其他大型建筑。 In addition，civil engineers plan，design，and build complete cities and towns，and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities space platform=space station 空间站，宇宙站 self-contained （1）沉默寡言的（2）设备齐全的 （3）（社会团体等）独立的 此外，土木工程师规划、设计和修建整个城市和乡镇，最近已经开始规划和设计空间站以容纳独立的（科研）团体。,Civil engineering and civil engineers,The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen “土木”这个词是从拉丁语“citizen”派生而来。 In 1782，Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time 1782年，英国人John Smeaton 用这个术语来区分他的非军事工程项目和当时占统治地位的军事工程师的工程项目。 Since then，the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities，although the field is much broader 从那以后，土木工程这个术语已经被用来指那些修建公共设施的工程师们，尽管这个领域比以前更广。,Civil,Because it is so broad，civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties 因为土木工程的范围太广，所以它被细分为许多技术专业。 Depending on the type of project，the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed 根据工程的类型，就需要土木工程师专家的各种技能。 When a project begins，the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement-water，sewer，and power lines 当一项工程开始时，土木工程师要勘测现场并绘图，他们还要确定水管、污水管道和电线的实用布置。 Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project 岩土工程专家要做土工试验以确定该土是否能承受这项工程的重量。,Scope 范围,Environmental specialists study the projects impact on the local area：the potential for air and groundwater pollution，the projects impact on local animal and plant life，and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment 环境专家要研究工程对当地区域的影响：潜在的空气污染和地下水污染，工程对当地动植物的影响，以及工程怎样设计才能满足政府对保护环境的要求。 Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project 运输专家要确定需用什么类型的设施来减轻由完工的工程产生的荷载对当地道路和其他运输网带来的压力。 Meanwhile，structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs，plans，and specifications for the project 同时，结构专家用初始资料来做工程的详细设计，规划和说明书。,Scope 范围,Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists，from beginning to end of the project，are the construction management specialists 从工程开始到结束，施工管理专家监督和协调这些土木工程专家们工作。 Based on information supplied by the other specialists，construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor，schedule all work，order materials and equipment for the job，hire contractors and subcontractors，and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified 根据其他专家提供的信息，施工管理土木工程师要估计材料和劳动力的数量和成本，安排所有的工作，订购工作所需的材料和设备，雇承包商和转包人，以及做其他的监督管理工作以确保工程能按照说明按时完工。,Scope 范围,Throughout any given project，civil engineers make extensive use of computers 对于任何给定的工程，土木工程师都能广泛地利用计算机。 Computers are used to design the projects various elements (computer-aided design，or CAD) and to manage it 计算机被用来设计工程的各个部分并进行管理。 Computers are a necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project 计算机对于现代土木工程师而言是必不可少的，因为它们可使工程师高效地处理大量数据，这些数据是在确定最优施工方案时所需要的。,Scope 范围,In this speciality，civil engineers plan and design structures of all types，including bridges，dams，power plants，supports for equipment，special structures for offshore projects，the United States space program，transmission towers，giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects 在这个专业里面，土木工程师规划和设计所有类型的结构，包括桥梁、大坝、电站、设备的支撑、近海工程的特殊结构、美国的太空计划、发射塔、巨型天文望远镜和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他工程。,Structural engineering 结构工程,Using computers，structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist：its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials，and earthquakes 结构工程师用计算机确定结构必须抵抗的力：自重、风力、引起建筑材料膨胀或收缩的温度变化以及地震力。 They also determine the combination of appropriate materials：steel，concrete，plastic，stone，asphalt，brick，aluminum，or other construction materials 他们还确定适当的材料组合：钢材、混凝土、塑料、石料、沥青、砖、铝或其他的建筑材料。,Structural engineering 结构工程,Civil engineers in this specialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water 在这个专业的土木工程师处理水的自然调节的各个方面。 Their projects help prevent floods，supply water for cities and for irrigation，manage and control rivers and water runoff，and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities 他们的工程帮助阻挡洪水，为城市和灌溉系统供水，管理和控制河流流量，维修河滩和其他滨水区的设施。 In addition，they design and maintain harbors，canals，and locks，build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments of all kinds，help design offshore structures，and determine the location of structures affecting navigation 此外，他们还设计和维修港口、运河和船闸，修建大型水力发电大坝和小型水坝以及各种类型的围堰，他们还帮助设计海上建筑物，以及确定影响航运结构物的位置。,Water resources engineering 水资源工程,Civil engineers who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior 专攻此领域土木工程师分析支撑结构物并影响结构性能的土壤和岩石的特性。 They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. 他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。 These engineers also evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of groundwater 这些工程师还估算并确定怎样加强边坡和填方以及怎样保护结构免遭地震和地下水的影响。,Geotechnical engineering 岩土工程,In this branch of engineering，civil engineers design，build，and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies，both on the surface and underground 在工程的这个分支里，土木工程师设计、修建和监督各个系统以提供安全的饮用水，防止和控制地表水和地下水供应的污染。 They also design，build，and supervise projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air 他们也设计、修建和监督各项工程以控制或消除土地和空气污染。,Environmental engineering 环境工程,These engineers build water and wastewater treatment plants，and design air scrubbers and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes，incineration，or other smokeproducing activities 这些工程师修建水厂和污水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以减少或消除由工业加工、焚烧或其他一些产生烟雾的行为导致的空气污染。 They also work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances 他们也采取措施，通过修建专门的垃圾场或者进行有毒和有害物质的无害化处理来控制有毒有害废弃物 。 In addition，the engineers design and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land 此外，工程师们对垃圾填埋进行设计和处理以防止周围土地的污染。,Environmental engineering 环境工程,Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of both people and goods. 从事这一专业领域的土木工程师建造一些设施以确保人和物的安全和高效的运输。 They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors. 他们专门研究设计和维修所有类型的运输设施，公路和街道，公共交通系统，铁路和机场，港口及海港。,Transportation engineering 运输工程,Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. 运输工程师在设计每一个工程的过程中，既要运用技术知识，也要考虑经济、政治和社会的因素。 They work closely with urban planners, since the quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system. 他们与城市规划者紧密配合，因为社区的质量直接关系到运输体系的质量。,Transportation engineering 运输工程,In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases. 在土木工程的这个分支里，工程师修建运输液体、气体或固体的管道和相关的设施，运输的物质范围从煤浆和半液体废料到水、石油和不同类型的高燃性和非燃性气体。 The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type of materials to be usedsteel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various materials installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. 工程师要确定管道的设计，工程对它必须穿过的地区的经济和环境影响，要用到的材料类型钢材、混凝土或不同材料的组合安装技术，检测管道强度的方法，怎样控制以保持适当的压力，以及正在被运送材料的流通速度。,Pipeline engineering 管道工程,Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end 此领域的土木工程师从开始到结束一直监督工程的施工。 Sometimes called project engineers，they apply both technical and managerial skills， including knowledge of construction methods，planning，organizing，financing，and operating construction projects 他们有时被称为项目工程师，他们不仅运用技术技能，还运用管理技能，包括施工方法、规划、组织、筹集资金和项目管理施工方面的知识。,Construction engineering 建筑工程,They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work：the surveyors；workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps，excavate for the foundation，build the forms and pour the concrete；and workers who build the steel frameworkThese engineers also make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure 事实上，他们协调工程中每个人的活动：勘测员、为临时道路和斜坡定线和施工、挖基础、建模和浇注混凝土的工人、以及绑扎钢筋的工人。这些工程师还为建筑业主定期提供进度报告。,Construction engineering 建筑工程,从 事土木工程这一方面的工程师可能规划和发展一个城市中的社区或整个城市。此规划中所包括的远远不仅仅为工程因素，土地的开发使用和自然资源环境的，社会 的和经济的因素也是主要的成分。这些土木工程师对公共建设工程的规划和私人建筑的发展进行协调。他们评估所需的设施，包括街道，公路，公共运输系统，机 场，港口，给排水和污水处理系统，公共建筑、公园和娱乐及其他设施以保证社会、经济和环境地协调发展。,Community and urban planning 社区和城市规划,在这一专业领域的土木工程师精确测量地球表面以获得可靠的信息来定位和设计工程项目。这一 方面包括高工艺学方法，如卫星成相，航拍，和计算机成相。来自人造卫星的无线电信号，通过激光和音波柱扫描被转换为地图，为隧道钻孔，建造高速公路和大坝，绘制洪水控制和灌溉方案，定位可能影响建筑项目的地下岩石构成，以及许多其他建筑用途提供更精准的测量。 其他的专门项目。还有两个并不完全在土木工程范围里面但对训练相当重要的附加的专门项目是工程管理和工程教学。,Photogrametry，surveying，and mapping 摄影测量、勘测和制图,Engineering management 工程管理,许 多土木工程师都选择最终通向管理的职业。其他则能让他们的事业从管理位置开始。土木工程管理者结合技术上的知识和一种组织能力来协调劳动力，材料，机械和 钱。这些工程师可能工作在政府市政、国家、州或联邦；在美国陆军军团作为军队或平民的管理工程师；或在半自治地区，城市主管当局或相似的组织。他们也 可能管理规模为从几个到百个雇员的私营工程公司。,Engineering teaching 工程教学,通常选择教学事业的土木工程师教授研究生和本科生技术上的专门项目。许多从事教学的土木工程师参与会导致建筑材料和施工方法技术革新的基础研究。多数也担任工程项目或技术领域的顾问，和主要项目的代理。,This text mainly introduced some concepts related to civil engineering, such as civil engineering, civil engineers and civil. We also learned there are many branches in civil engineering and every branch has its own purpose. 这篇文章主要介绍了有关土木工程的一些概念，比如土木工程、土木工程师、土木等等。这篇文章还告诉我们土木工程包括很多的分支，而每一个分支又有其各自的用途。 要求：掌握关于土木工程的一些专业词汇。,Brief Summary,