铝挤压机培训资料1.docx

Aluminum Profile ExtrusionShandong University2010.0610ContentsChapter1 Process of Extrusion of Aluminum11.1 Process Overview11.2 Billet21.3 Dies and Tooling21.4 Direct Extrusion Operation51.5 Aging61.6 Packaging7Chapter 2 Metallurgical Principles82.1 Introduction82.2 Structure82.2.1 Lattice Structure Single Phase92.2.2 Multiphase StructureEquilibrium Diagrams142.2.3 Diffusion, Precipitation, Non-equilibrium182.2.4 Melting and Casting Processes212.3 Development of the Continuous Cast Structure222.3.1 Peripheral Shell and Peripheral Segregation232.3.2 Cast Log Surface242.3.3 Cast Grain and Cell Structure, Intermetallic Phases26Chapter3 Machinery and Equipment for Direct and Indirect Hot Extrusion313.1 Machinery for Direct Extrusion313.1.1 Extrusion Press Design Principles333.1.2 Main Subassemblies of the Direct Extrusion Press403.1.3 Auxiliary Equipment for Direct Extrusion513.1.4 Hydraulic Drive and Control Systems for Direct Extrusion543.1.5 Electrical Drive, Control, and Regulation for Direct Extrusion593.1.6 Typical Operating Sequence for Direct Extrusion59Chapter 4 Extrusion Tooling594.1 Requirements of Tooling and Tooling Material594.1.1 Requirements of the Extrusion Tooling594.1.2 Requirements of the Tooling Materials594.2 Design of Tool Sets for Direct and Indirect Extrusion594.2.1 Design of the Tool Set for Direct Extrusion594.2.2 Design of the Tool Set for Indirect Extrusion594.2.3 Sealing of the Shape-Producing Tooling with the Container59Chapter5 Extrusion of Semifinished Products in Aluminum Alloys595.1 General595.2 Extrusion Behavior of Aluminum Alloys595.2.1 Flow Stress595.2.2 Flow Process595.2.3 Thermal Balance and Extrusion Speed595.2.4 Section Surface and Surface Defects595.2.5 Procedures to Control the Thermal Balance595.2.6 Joining by Extrusion59Chapter 6 Billet Heating Systems596.1 Induction Furnaces596.1.1 General596.1.2 Gas-Fired Billet Preheat Furnace596.1.3 Temperature Measurement and Control596.1.4 Economics596.1.5 Extrusion Billet Transport Mechanisms596.2 Age-Hardening Ovens for Aluminum Alloys596.2.1 Heat Transfer by Convection596.2.2 Design of the Chamber Furnace596.2.3 Heating596.2.4 Transport Mechanisms59Chapter7 Aluminum Extrusion Glossary59Chapter1 Process of Extrusion of Aluminum1.1 Process OverviewThe aluminum extrusion process really begins with the design process, for it is the design of the product-based on its intended use-that determines any of the ultimate production parameters. Questions regarding machinability, finishing, and environment of use will lead to the choice of alloy to be extruded. The function of the profile will determine the design of its form and, hence, the design of the die that shapes it.Once the design questions have been answered, the actual extrusion process begins with billet, the aluminum material from which profiles are extruded. The billet must be softened by heat prior to extrusion. The heated billet is placed into the extrusion press, a powerful hydraulic device wherein a ram pushes a dummy block that forces the softened metal through a precision opening, known as a die, to produce the desired shape.Fig. 1.1 This is a simple diagram of a typical horizontal hydraulic extrusion press; the direction of extrusion here is from left to right.That is a simplified description of the process known as direct extrusion, which is the most common method in use today. Indirect extrusion is a similar process, but with some important differences. In the direct extrusion process, the die is stationary and the ram forces the alloy through the opening in the die. In the indirect process, the die is contained within the hollow ram, which moves into the stationary billet from one end, forcing the metal to flow into the ram, acquiring the shape of the die as it does so.The extrusion process has been likened to squeezing toothpaste out of a tube. When pressure is applied at the closed end, the paste is forced to flow through the open end, accepting the round shape of the opening as it emerges. If the opening is flattened, the paste will emerge as a flat ribbon. Complex shapes can be produced by complex openings. Fig. 1.2 These photos show a new length of extrudate, just emerging from the press (left) and the production of a profile in progress (right).注释：Main cylinder silind 主液压缸Hydraulic pressure hadr:lk 液压Press column klm 柱式压机Container 挤压筒Dummy block dmi: 挤压垫Ram 挤压杆Billet 坯料Front platen 挤压机前牌坊，前挤压盘Runout table 输出辊道Ribbon ribn 带状物Squeeze skwi:z 榨取, 挤出1.2 BilletBillet is the starting stock for the extrusion operation. Extrusion billet may be a solid or hollow form, commonly cylindrical, and is the length charged into the extrusion press container. It is usually a cast product but may be a wrought product or powder compact. Often it is cut from a longer length of alloyed aluminum, known as a log.Alloys are metals composed of more than one metallic element. Aluminum extrusion alloys contain small amounts (usually less than five percent) of elements such as copper, manganese, silicon, magnesium, or zinc. These alloying elements enhance the natural properties of aluminum and influence the extrusion process.Billet length varies according to a number of factors, including the desired length of the finished profile, the extrusion ratio, the length of the run-out, and the requirements of the extrusion press. Standard lengths may run from about 26 inches (660 mm) up to 72 inches (1,830 mm). The outside diameter may range from 3 inches (76 mm) to 33 inches (838 mm); 6-inch (155 mm) to 9-inch (228 mm) diameters are the most common.注释：Copper kp，kp(r) 铜Manganese mæni:z 锰Silicon silikn 硅Magnesium mægni:zi:m, -m 镁Zinc zik 锌Wrought r:t 制造的; 形成的; 精炼的, 锻成的Metallic mitælik 金属的1.3 Dies and ToolingDies can be made to form a virtually limitless array of shapes and sizes. Several factors influence the actual cost and lead-time of a specific die; the best combination of product performance, quality and cost is achieved when the product designer, the die maker, the extruder, and the purchaser recognize each others requirements and work together.A typical extrusion operation will make use of a die assembly, including the die itself, which, together with a backer, is enclosed within a die ring, placed in front of a bolster, with a sub-bolster behind, all held together as a unit by a tool carrier. The backer, bolster, and sub-bolster provide the necessary support for the die during the extrusion process.Fig.1. 3 This diagram shows the components that typically make up a die slide, the tooling assembly, for a solid die.注释：Platen 挤压机前牌坊，挤压盘Bolster blst 前垫Backer 模垫Die 模具Die ring 模套Stem 挤压杆Dummy block 挤压垫Liner 挤压筒内衬Container 挤压筒Die slide 模架Pressure ring 压力垫圈Horse shoe 马蹄形止口The extrusion die, itself, is a steel disk (normally H13) with an opening, the size and shape of the intended cross-section of the final extruded product, cut through it.Dies are broadly grouped as solid (or flat) dies, which produce solid shapes, and hollow dies, which produce hollow or semi-hollow shapes. Combinations of solid, semi-hollow, and/or hollow shapes may be incorporated into a single die.A solid die may have one or more orifices or apertures through which the softened alloy is forced (extruded). Multiple apertures in a single die produce multiple extrusions with each stroke of the press.Solid dies may, on occasion, be used to produce hollow profiles by means of a fixed or floating mandrel. The use of a mandrel for extruding a hollow shape through a flat die usually involves the use of hollow billets, cylindrical source stock that may have been cast or bored. Piercing mandrels, however, do not require the use of cored billet.Fig.1. 4 A solid die, as shown here, produces shapes without any enclosed voids and/or semi-hollow conditions.注释：Orifices :rfs, r- 模孔Apertures æptju 模孔Mandrelmændril 心轴、模芯Piercing mandrel 穿孔针A semi-hollow die extrudes a shape that is nearly hollow, partially enclosing a void, the area of which (the area of the die tongue) is large in comparison with the gap where the tongue is connected to the main body of the die.While a solid or semi-hollow die is a single piece, it requires support from additional tools called backers and bolsters. Depending on the complexity of the extruded shape, the total cost of the extrusion tooling may include charges for these supplemental tools.Fig.1. 5 A semi-hollow die also produces shapes without enclosed voids; however, unlike a solid die, it produces shapes with a tongue ratio of 3:1 or greater.Hollow dies take a variety of forms. Bridge, porthole, and spider dies, for example, include a fixed stub mandrel as an integral part of the die. Each type of hollow extrusion die serves certain functions and carries its own advantages and disadvantages. The manufacturing methods and costs vary widely. The choice of design, and even manufacturing methods, will depend on the profile, press and container size, and production requirements.Fig.1. 6 A hollow die produces shapes with one or more enclosed voids. The die shown here, when used together with a mandrel and other support tooling, produces a profile with six voids.The most common types of hollow dies are the porthole and pancake. They typically are the most cost effective and easiest to manufacture, allowing the designer to be much more creative in the placement and shaping of the ports and feed. They are also the easiest for CNC Machining (Computer Numeric Control), which allows for the die maker and die corrector to quantify any alterations for production improvements on future dies.A critically important characteristic of extrusion dies is that the effective bearing length controls the metal flow through the die. The objective is to have all parts of the profile emerge from the die at the same speed. The longer the bearing length, the greater the resistance to the flow of aluminum and the shorter the bearing length, the less resistance to flow. Through effective design, the thick parts of a profile can be slowed through the use of longer bearings to match the speed of the thinner parts with short bearings.注释：Porthole p:thl, prt- 分流孔Pancake 饼状Bearing bri 工作带Resistance ri zistns 抵抗, 反抗, 抵抗能力Profile prufail 型材1.4 Direct Extrusion OperationFig. 1.7 This diagram shows the basic steps involved in extruding an aluminum profile.Once the shape of the final product has been identified, the proper alloy selected, and the die prepared, to make ready for the actual extrusion process, the billet and extrusion tools are preheated. During extrusion, the billet is still solid, but has been softened in a heating furnace. The melting point of aluminum varies with the purity of the metal, but is approximately 1,220° Fahrenheit (660° Centigrade). Extrusion operations typically take place with billet heated to temperatures in excess of 700°F (375°C), and-depending upon the alloy being extruded-as high as 930°F (500°C).The actual extrusion process begins when the ram starts applying pressure to the billet within the container. Various hydraulic press designs are capable of exerting anywhere from 100 tons to 15,000 tons of pressure. This pressure capacity of a press determines how large an extrusion it can produce. The extrusion size is measured by its longest cross-sectional dimension, sometimes referred to as its fit within a circumscribing circle diameter (CCD).As pressure is first applied, the billet is crushed against the die, becoming shorter and wider until its expansion is restricted by full contact with the container walls. Then, as the pressure increases, the soft (but still solid) metal has no place else to go and begins to squeeze out through the shaped orifice of the die to emerge on the other side as a fully formed profile.About 10 percent of the billet, including its outer skin, is left behind in the container. The completed extrusion is cut off at the die and the remainder of the metal is removed to be recycled. After it leaves the die, the still-hot extrusion may be quenched, mechanically treated, and aged.Lubricated saws are equipped with delivery systems that feed the lubricant through the teeth of the saw for optimal efficiency and cut surface.Automatic devices clamp profiles in place for sawing. Saw chips are collected for later recycling. 注释：Billet 坯料Heating furnace 加热炉Extrusion press with die 带模具挤压机Saw 锯割Stretcher stret 拉伸机Aging oven 时效箱Fahrenheit færnhat 华氏温度Quenched kwentd 淬火的Aged 时效Clamp 夹具Profile 型材Circumscribing circle diameter 外接圆直径1.5 AgingSome extrusion alloys reach their optimal strength through the process of aging, sometimes known as age hardening. Natural aging occurs at room temperature. Artificial aging takes place through controlled heating in an aging oven and is sometimes referred to as precipitation heat-treating.When the profile emerges from the press it is in a semi-solid state, but rapidly solidifies as it cools or is quenched (whether by air or water). Non-heat-treatable aluminum alloys (such as those utilizing manganese or magnesium) derive their strength through natural aging and cold working. Heat-treatable alloys (such as those utilizing copper, zinc, and magnesium with silicon) are further strengthened or hardened through controlled thermal treatments that affect the metallurgical structure of the alloys.Either way, the aging process ensures the uniform precipitation of fine particles through the metal, yielding maximum strength, hardness, and elasticity for the specific extrusion alloy.注释：Age hardening 时效强化Natural aging 自然时效Artificial aging 人工时效Precipitation prisipitein heat-treating 沉淀热处理Non-heat-treatable aluminum alloys 不可热处理铝合金Metallurgical 冶金的1.6 PackagingAfter sufficient aging, whether in an aging oven or at room temperature, the profiles are moved to other areas of the plant for finishing or fabricating, or to be packed and prepared for shipment to the customer.Most extrusion plants are equipped to accommodate any likely packaging requirement. Profiles are palletized in such a way as to be protected from surface damage, twisting, or other hazards. Customers may specify their own packaging requirements, or the type of extruded product may suggest a particular method of packaging for ease of storage or delivery.注释：Packing 包装Fabricating 加工Palletized pælitaizd 托盘化的