英语专四语法 限定词ppt课件.ppt

DETERMINER,Warming-up exercise,My hand was hurt. Could you do _ typing for me? a. some b. many c. such d. anyMost English people go to Spain for the sea, the sun and all the _ things associated with a relaxing holiday. a. any b. another c. some d. other_ boxer was strong, but _ had a good build and was light on his feet.a. Either/every b. Neither/each c. Both/both d. All the/allWe had _ good time that we hated to leave the party.a. such a b. such c. so d. prettyFor young people, Carpenter is _ singer.a. most their popular b. most popular of theirs c.their most popular d. most popular of their_ feels entitled to more in life than just housework.a. Many women b. A lot of woman c. Many a woman d. A few woman,英语的限定词包括：,定冠词（Definite Article），不定冠词（Indefinite Article），零冠词（Zero Article）物主限定词（Possessive Determiner）：my，your，his，her，our，your，their，ones，its名词属格（Genitive Noun）：Johns，my friends指示限定词（Demonstrative Determiner）：this，that，these，those，such关系限定词（Relative Determiner）：whosewhich,疑问限定词（Interrogative Determiner）：what，which，whose不定限定词（Indefinite Determiner）：no，some，any，each，every，enough，either，neither，all，both，half，several，many，much，(a) few，(a) little，other，another基数词（Cardinal Numeral）和序数词（Ordinal Number）倍数词（Multiplicative Numeral）和分数词（Fractional Numeral）量词（Quantifier）：a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a greatgood deal of，a largesmall amountquantity of，a greatlargegood number of等。,3.1 限定词与三类名词的搭配关系,3.2 限定词与限定词的搭配关系,3.3若干限定词用法比较,3.4 冠词的使用,（1）能与三类名词搭配的限定词,有些限定词如the，some，any，no，other，whose以及my，your等物主限定词和名词属格（Johns，my friends）等能与三类名词搭配。例如：the book the books the moneymy book my books my moneymy friends book my friends boods my friends moneyany book any books any moneysome book some books some moneyno book no books no moneythe other book the other books the other moneywhose book whose books whose money,（2）只能与名词单数搭配的限定词 有些限定词如a(n)，one，another，each，every，either，neither，many a，such a等只能与单数名词搭配。例如： each worker every student either book neither sentence an apple one copy another book many a book such a book（3）只能与复数名词搭配的限定词 有些限定词如both，two，three，another twothree，many，(a) few，several，these，those，a (great) number of等只能与复数名词搭配。例如： both workers (a) few words several students thesethose books a number of essays twothree visitors many students another two students,（4）只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词 有些限定词如a (little) bit of，a large amount of，a great deal of，(a) little，much，less，(the) least等只能与不可数名词搭配。 a bit of water a large amount of money much noise (a) little space less oil (the) least oil（5）能与单、复数名词搭配的限定词 有些限定词如the first，the second，the last，the next等既可与单数名词搭配，也可与复数名词搭配。例如： the first rose the first roses the last man the last men the next meeting the next meetings,（6）能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词 有些限定词如this，that等能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配。例如： thisthat job thisthat work,（7）能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词 还有些限定词如a lot of，lots of，plenty of，enough，more，most，such，other等可与复数名词和不可数名词搭配。例如：,a lot of books a lot of money lots of chickens lots of food plenty of chairs plenty of water enough copies enough coal more articles more time most people most work such men such bread other men other bread 这一类限定词也可以包括less和(the) least。如前所述，less和least通常只与不可数名词搭配，但在现代英语的非正式语体中，间或也可与复数名词搭配。例如： Less and less people can afford to go abroad for their holidays. Political programmes on TV attract the least viewers.,EXERCISES 3.1A,1.Why is theretraffic on the streets in February than in May? A. less B. fewer C. few D. little2. On account of the typhoon shipment will arrive this week. A. neither B. all C. both D. these3. Have you got copies to go round? A. the other B. enough C. a little D. much 4. Theres water in the bottle. A. few B. a number of C. plenty of D. any5. There is iron in this mine than in that one. A. much B. a great deal of C. less D. a lot of6. He wrote essays on Victorian novels in his class. A. the next B. the most C. the other D. the more7. He has published short stories in English. A. a great amount of B. a number of C. another D. many a 8. We had rainfalls last summer. A. too much B. little C. a little D. only several9. care would have prevented the accident. A. Much B. Little C. A little D. A few10. The students spent their time working in the fields. A. both B. most C. more D. half,A,A,B,C,C,B,B,D,C,D,在名词词组中心词之前如果有两个或两个以上限定词出现时，就会产生限定词的先后顺序问题。按其不同的搭配位置，限定词可分为：,（1）中位、前位、后位限定词,按照限定词和限定词之间的不同搭配位置，限定词可分为中位限定词（Central Determiner）、前位限定词（Predeterminer）和后位限定词（Postdeterminer）。 a) 中位限定词包括a (n)，the，zero；this，that，these，those；my，your，等；Marys，my friends；some，any，no，every，each，either，neither，enough；what (ever)，which (ever)，whose等。,b) 前位限定词包括all，both，half；double，twice，three times等；one-third，two-fifths等；what，such (a/ an)等。,c）后位限定词包括one，two，three等；first，second，third等；next，last，other，another等；many，much，(a) few，(a) little，fewer，(the) fewest，less，(the) least，more，most；several，plenty of，a lot of，lots of，a great/large/good number of，a great/ good deal of，a large/ small amount of；such等。,(2)三类限定词搭搭配关系,如果一个名词词组带有上述三类限定词，其搭配关系总是按照“前位中位后位”的顺序排列。例如： all the four teachers all your three books 前 中 后 前 中 后 all these last few days 前 中 后 后 如果只有上述两类限定词，其搭配关系仍按上述顺序。例如： half his lecture those last few months 前 中 中 后 后,several hundred guests all other students 后 后 前 后 such a misfortune some such alloy 前 中 中 后,有上述诸例可以看出，中位限定词和前位限定词之间是相互排斥的，即一个名词中心词之前不可并用两个中位限定词或两个前位限定词。所以，“我的那本书”不是my that book而是that book of mine，因为my 和that 同是中位限定词，不可并列。但后位限定词的使用却不受此限制。例如： his last two books the first two chapters 中 后 后 中 后 后 three other two girls two more sheets 后 后 后 后 后,个别限定词有跨类现象，如such既属于前位限定词，又可归入后位限定词。由于它只是在such a .和such an 这样的搭配中属于前位限定词，而在与其他限定词（some，any，no，all，few，another，other，many，one，two等）搭配时，such则是后位限定词，一律放在上述这些限定词的后面，如some such，any such，no such，few such，one such等，因此把它归入后位限定词。,EXERCISES 3.2A,Choose an appropriate combination of determiners to fill in each blank:,1. He did it in time it took me. A. the one-third B. half a C. the double D. one-third the2. I saw boys at the cinema. A. the both B. many a C. both the D. the several3. candidates are girls. A. Half the B. The half C. Their half D. Half a 4. friends usually speak highly of him. A. His some B. His many C. Many his D. Some his,D,C,A,B,5. alloy may be used to replace copper. A. Such a B. Some such C. Such some D. Several such6. Are you going to buy rice? A. all these B. these all C. all this D. both these7. dictionary is enough for me. A. Such one B. One such C. Such a one D. One such a 8. factors should be considered. A. These all B. Such all C. All such D. Some these9. meat is tainted. A. That one-third B. One-third that C. Such a D. Few such10. cases have been reported. A. Such few B. Such some C. Few such D. Some these,B,C,B,C,B,C,Translate the following into English, using appropriate determiners:,1. 开凿隧道需要大量劳动力（labor）。,1. To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labor.,2. 少说空话（empty talk）多干实事（practical work）。,2. There must be less empty talk but more practical work.,3. 今天参观展览会的人数比昨天少。,3. There are fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday.,4. 安娜（Anna）因为没有足够的钱财而烦恼丛生。,4. Anna has enough worries because she hasnt got enough money.,5. 你读的诗（poetry）和做的练习（exercises）都比我多。,5. You have learnt more poetry and done more exercises than I have.,（1）many，much，a lot of，lots of，plenty of等,表示“多”的意思，可用many，much，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a goodgreat many，a large amount of等。作为限定词many和a goodgreat many之后须跟复数名词：much和a large amount of之后须跟不可数名词。例如： Many animals have diseases. Much information is now transmitted through E-mail. We have a great many questions to discuss at meeting. We are going to spend a large amount of money on childrens education.,many，much，a great many等既可用作限定词，也可用作不定代词。例如： Have you done all these exercises? No, I havent done very much. Has she read any English novels in the originals? Yes, a great many. Has he spent much money on the house? Oh, a large amount.,many，much 可以带有howtoosoas.as等修饰语。例如： I want to know how much money will be spent on the project. How many copies do you need for your class? I have (far) too many books on the shelf. We have had too much rain in the spring.Its really surprising that the boy should have so much strength at his age.You can take as many copies as you need.,（2）(a) few，(a) little,表示“少”的意思，可用（a）few，(a) little，既可用作限定词，也可用作不定代词。a few，a little表示“少量”，带有肯定含义。例如：,Lets invite a few friends to come with us.There are only a very few left.I had a little difficulty in solving the problem.Give me a little of that wine.I am trying to use the little French I have just learnt.,fewlittle若不与a连用则表示否定意义，相当于not manymuch，not enough。例如： I have very few (chocolates) left. I understand little of his speech. 要注意，quite a few，a good few，not a few不表示“少”，而表示“相当多”的含义，相当于a fair number (of)。例如： Quite a few of us are getting worried. You will have to wait a good few weeks.,little的比较级和最高级是less和lest，通常只能与不可数名词搭配，但在当代英语中也有用less与复数可数名词搭配的。例如： If only there were less holes in the roof.但这只见于非正式语体中；在正式语体中仍以用fewer为好。,（3）some，any,要表示“一些”的意思，可用some，any。some是肯定词（Assertive Word），常用于肯定句：any是非肯定词（Nonassertive Word），常用于否定句或疑问句。例如： There are some letters for me. There arent any letters for me. Are there any letters for me? I seldom get any sleep these days. any也常用于条件分句以及带有否定意义的句子中： If you have any trouble, please let me know. I forgot to ask for any change（零钱）.,当说话人期待肯定回答时，some也可用于疑问句，比如当说话人期待来信时，他可以问到： Are there some letters for me? 当购物时向售货员提问或者主人向客人表示款待时，也可在疑问句中用some： Could I have some of these apples? Would you like some chocolate cake? 当some与单数可数名词搭配时，some相当于a certain（“某一”）的含义；而any与单数可数名词搭配，则相当于every（“任何一个”）的含义。例如： Some boy has broken a window. Any child could answer that question.,（4）all，both，every，each，either，neither，any,这一类词，除every只能作为限定词外，都是既可作为限定词，也可作为不定代词。例如：,all (of ) the boysboth (of) the boysevery boyevery one of the boyseach boyeither (one) of the boyseither boyeither (one) of the (two) boysneither boyneither (one) of the (two) boysany boyany (one) of the (three or more) boys,由上述诸例可以看出，这一类的限定词和不定代词在用法上有以下值得注意之处： a) 表示“全体”，可用all和both，但all表示三个或三个以上人或物的“全体”，而both则表示两个人或物的“全体”。例如： All the four applications are below the average. Both his parents are against his going there alone.,如果要表示“全体都不”的意思，当“全体”为三个或更多的人或物时，通常用none。例如：,None of the students failed the examination.Ill have none of your stupid ideas.（我不能接受你的那些糊涂观念。）,在上述第一例中，既可用none，也可用no one： No one failed the examination. 但no one只能指人，不能指物。 如果要表示两个人或物“都不”，通常要用neither: Neither studentNeither (one) of the (two) students failed the examination.,b)表示全体中的“每个”，如果这个“全体”包含三个或更多的人或物，通常用every。例如： Every student in the class took part in the performance. His every action shows that he is a very determined young man.,如果这个“全体”包括两个或两个以上的人或物，便可以用each。例如： Each side of the street was crowded with people. 在这里，不可以用every。如果说“广场的每一边都挤满了人“，那就既可用each也可用every: EachEvery side of the square was crowded with people. every与each的区别还在于every指许多人或物中的“每个”，侧重在全体，近乎all的含义。例如： Every student failed the examination. = All the students failed the examination. 而each则指许多人或物中的“各个”，侧重在个别。例如： Each child will find his own personal road to success.,c) 表示全体中的“任何一个”，也要看这个“全体”包含三个或更多，还是只包含“两个”。当“全体”包含三个或三个以上，要表示其中任何一个须用any。例如： Any (= Every ) child would know that. His gift was unknown to any (of them) except himself. 当“全体”只包含两个时，要表示其中任何一个须用either。例如： There are two flights for Beijing in the morning. You can take either (one). 但在on either side，on either end等固定词组中有时可以兼指两个。例如： There are warehouses on either side of the river (= on both sides of the river).,EXERCISE 3.3,Fill in the blanks with appropriate determiners or corresponding indefinite pronouns semantically related to quantity:,1. A: Do you need more milk? B: No, there is too_ already.2. I cant open this lock. There must be _ key that will open it.3. _ people will believe_ story you tell them.4. On _ side of the street there were assembled a lot of soldiers.5. When the ship was sunk, all the sailors were drowned, _ one of them.6. The president got down from the plane and shook hands with _one waiting at the airport.,much,some,some,any,either,every,each,冠词,1、不定冠词a, an的位置不定冠词a用在以辅音音素（并非辅音字母）开头的名词前；不定冠词an用在以元音音素开头的名词前。例如：An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Old Hen: Let me give you a piece of good advice. Young Hen: What is it? Old Hen: An egg a day keeps the ax away. Telling lies is a fault in a boy, an art in a lover, an accomplishment in a bachelor, and second-nature in a married man. An还用在发音以元音开头的单个字母前面。例如：an SOS sign An L letter is in the word “letter”.,2、名词与冠词使用的重要技巧从名词角度来看，对于名词与冠词的使用，以下几条是核心： 单数可数名词：单数可数名词不能单独使用，必须与冠词或其它限定词连用。 复数名词和不可数名词：对于复数名词和不可数名词，以下两点必须掌握：1）不能与不定冠词a(n)连用。2）复数名词或不可数名词在表示泛指时，不可用the。复数名词或不可数名词在表示特指时，要用the。,例如：Life is hard sometimes. Life is education in itself. The writer is writing a book about the life of blacks in America. I love music, poetry and art. I dont like the film, but I like the music (of the film). Air is a colorless and tasteless gas. The air in this room is stuffy. Please open the windows.Books become more and more expensive. Put away the books on your desk. Pencils contain lead (铅). Who put the pencils on the desk?Sugar isnt very good for you. Can you pass me the sugar, please?请注意，表示特指的复数可数名词或不可数名词，他们一般带有各种短语或从句作后置定语，以限定这些名词所指的事物范围。,冠词的用法, 第一次提到的单数可数名词前面用不定冠词a或an，这一名词再次出现则要用定冠词the：A man came up to a policeman and asked him a question. The policeman didnt understand the question, so he asked the man to repeat it.I had a banana and an apple. I ate the banana and gave the apple to Clint., 在谈到说话人和听话人双方都知道的事物时，要用the。比如在自己家的房间里，我们要说the light, the floor, the door, the window, the carpet。例如：Can you turn off the light, please? (the light in our room)Shut the door, please!How do you like the film?A: Do you need the car today, honey? B: Yes. I have a lot of things to do. Why dont I drive you to work today? C: OK. But be sure to fill the car up with gas., 表示世界上独一无二的事物：the earth, the sky, the equator, the moon, the world, the universe 形容词或副词最高级、序数词以及only用作形容词加名词连用时，它们前面一般要用the。例如：the onlybest way to cope with the problem This is the first time Ive come to Beijing. 在乐器、乐队、合唱团及流行音乐团体前加the。例如：the Beatles，the Philadelphia Orchestra，playlearn the guitar，learn the piano注意：运动项目前不用the。如play chess, play football (basketball, table tennis),何时不用冠词, 表示独一无二的身份前一般不用冠词。例如：Elizabeth , Queen of England They elected Henry chairman.Henry was elected chairman of the committee.He was elected President for the second time.She is chairman of the committee.For the first time I am king of myself. Elect whom you choose to be king. Mr. Smith used to be president of our band.,（2） the在一些特殊的名词前省略：1）nature：泛指自然界（动、植物及无生命物质的世界）。例如：in natureIf you destroy nature you will suffer for it. 2）society：泛指我们在其中生活的这个社会，一般不用冠词。例如：in societySociety turns people into criminals and then locks them up. 3）space：泛指星球之间的空间时，不用冠词。例如：in spaceMan has just taken his first steps into space.,4）man：泛指整个人类时，不用冠词。例如：Man can conquer nature. From early times man has used garlic (大蒜). Through the years man has tried to cope with (处理) the smell of garlic. But no herb, mouthwash, chewing gum, or toothpaste seems to help much.Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for man. 5）history：泛指人类整个历史时，不用冠词。例如：History may repeat itself.Throughout history man has had