欧洲文化入门启蒙时代课件.ppt

欧洲文化入门（六） The Age of Enlightenment (启蒙时代),1,t课件,English Revolution,Enclosure movementPuritan movementCivil War 1642Cromwell as Protector 1649Restoration of Stuart 1660Glorious Revolution 1688The Bill of Rights 1689,2,t课件,The Bill of Rights,The king should not make the law.The king should not collect taxes.The king should not keep army.Roman Catholic or anyone marrying a Roman Catholic shouldnt become the king.,3,t课件,I. General Introduction,Enlightenment 启蒙时代 / 理性时代,4,t课件,什么是启蒙运动?,启蒙运动是指欧洲近代资产阶级上升时期伴随资产阶级政治上的反封建斗争而展开的反对封建传统意识形态的思想文化运动。这一思想文化运动表现在意识形态领域，就是用资产阶级的哲学、伦理、教育、文艺和科学反对封建神学及其传统的封建文化。启蒙运动是一次进步的理性的运动。它兴起于法国并同时席卷整个西欧。启蒙运动是14至17世纪文艺复兴运动的继续，其目的是用现代哲学和艺术的光芒来照亮整个世界。,5,t课件,1. Enlightenment启蒙时代,The Enlightenment MovementThe Age of Reason 理性时代An intellectual movementOriginated in FranceSupported by the ruling and intellectuaral classes,6,t课件,2. Historical Context,The American War of Independence in 1776The French Revolution in 1789The Industrial Revolution in England (1760-1840),7,t课件,The American War of Independence,The Declaration of Independence: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.,8,t课件,美国独立宣言,我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人生而平等，造物主赋予他们某些不可被剥夺的权利，包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人类才建立政府，而政府的正当权利，是经过被统治者的统一而产生的。如果有任何一种形式的政府损害了这些目的，那么，人民就有权利来改变或者废除它，以建立新的政府。,9,t课件,Declaration of the Rights of Man,Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else;All citizens, being equal in the eyes of law.The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man.,10,t课件,人权宣言,自由是指有权实施一切无害于他人的行为。在法律的面前，所有的公民都是平等的。自由交流思想和意见是人类最宝贵的权利之一。,11,t课件,The Industrial Revolution工业革命,Marked by the following developments” (1). The introduction of machines which reduced the need for hand labor in making goods (2). The substitution of steam power for water, wind, and animal power. (3). The change from manufacturing in the home to the factory system,12,t课件,II French Philosophy and Literature,13,t课件,The most important forerunners : Montesquieu孟德斯鸠 Voltaire：伏尔泰Rousseau 卢梭Died rot 狄德罗,14,t课件,Montesquieu孟德斯鸠,查理路易孟德斯鸠The juristPolitical and social philosopherThe first great men of letters法国启蒙思想家社會學家西方国家学说和法学理论的奠基,15,t课件,Major Works,A. Persian Letter 波斯人信札B. The Spirit of the Law 论法的精神 ,16,t课件,Montesquieu孟德斯鸠,A man should be mourned at his birth, not at his death. 一个人应当在出生时，而不是在临死前悲泣。Liberty is the right of doing whatever the laws permit. 自由是在法律许可的范围内任意行事的权利。,17,t课件,Voltaire伏尔泰,French poetDramatistHistorianphilosopher,18,t课件,Voltaire伏尔泰,The best is the enemy of the good. 完美是好的敌人。If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. 倘若上帝不存在，有必要去创造他。I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. 我并不赞成你说的话，但我誓死捍卫你的言论权。,19,t课件,Main works,A. Letters Anglaise（letters philosophiques） 哲学书简 B. Candide 老实人(哲学讽刺故事 ),20,t课件,Rousseau卢梭,PhilosopherAuthorPolitical theoristComposerHis famous words: Man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains“人生来是自由的，但无处不受制约”,21,t课件,Major Works,The Origin of Human Inequality论人类不平等的起源The New Heloise新爱洛伊斯Emile, or On Education爱弥儿 The Social Contract社会契约论 The Confession忏悔录,22,t课件,The Origin of Human Inequality论人类不平等的起源,Mans greatest ills are not natural but made by man himself; the remedy lies also within mans power.,23,t课件,The Origin of Human Inequality论人类不平等的起源,The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said, “This is mine,”and found people naive enough to believe him, that man was the true founder of civil society. 谁第一个把一块土地围起来，说“这是我的”，而且找到一些头脑简单的人相信他的话，这位就是文明社会的真正奠基人 论人类不平等的起源,24,t课件,The Confession忏悔录,The thirst after happiness is never extinguished in the heart of man.Nature made men happy and good, but society makes him evil and miserable.,25,t课件,Denis Diderot狄德罗,French philosopher, and a man of letters法国文学家、哲学家 现代百科全书之父,26,t课件,Denis Diderot狄德罗,主编Encyclpedie百科全书 Philosopgical Thoughts哲学断想Letters on the Blind盲人书简Elements of Physiology 自然解释断想Rameaus Nephew拉摩的侄儿,27,t课件,Diderot狄德罗,From fanaticism to barbarism is only one step. 从狂热到野蛮，仅是一步之遥。Staircase wit. 事后诸葛亮。（下楼时的巧思，指说完了话下楼时突然想起了该说的妙语）,28,t课件,III. English Literature,Alexander Pope蒲柏Essay on Criticism论批评The Rape of the Lock鬈发遇劫记 Dunciad笨伯咏、群愚史诗 愚人志Essay on Man 论人 ,29,t课件,Alexander Pope蒲柏,Why has not man a microscopic eye? For this plain reason, man is not a fly! 人为什么不长显微镜般的眼睛? 理由很简单：人不是苍蝇。 Whatever is, is right. 凡存在，皆合理。 To err is human, to forgive, divine. 人孰无过，恕过者神。,30,t课件,2. Daniel Defoe,丹尼尔笛福 The Journal of The Plague Year 大疫年记事 Moll Flanders 摩尔弗兰德斯 Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记,31,t课件,Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记,Friday: 星期五 （奴隶，助手，伙伴）Woman Friday; 女星期五（女强人，得力、能干的女助手、女秘书等）,32,t课件,3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特,A. A Modest Proposal一个温和（小小）的建议B. Gullivers Travel格列弗游记大小人国历险记,33,t课件,格利佛游记的情节、结构和主题是什么？,格利佛游记是乔纳森斯威夫特的不朽之作。直到今天它还具有一定的现实意义，并被列为世界名著之一。 其故事情节按格利佛所到的不同国家划分为四个部分：“小人国游记”、“大人国游记”、“拉普他等地游记”、和“智马国游记”。这四个部分各自独立，又相互联系。在每个部分中，斯威夫特都具体描述了那些国家的奇特之处以及他们的社会制度和人们的生活习惯、生活方式等。其中，对各个国家的描述都以英国为原型，并在描述的过程中不露声色地对英国当时的社会现实和政权纷争予以抨击和讽刺。 因此，我们决不能简单地把格利佛游记理解成一部童话。这部讽刺小说充满着对当时英国社会的讽刺。透过这些辛辣的讽刺，我们看到的是英国社会当时的黑暗和腐朽。,34,t课件,Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特,When a true genius appears in the world, you may know him by this sign, that dunces are all in confederacy against him. 当一个真正的天才在世上出现时，你可以通过这种迹象来判断：所有的低能儿会群起而攻之。 I never wonder to see men wicked, but I often wonder to see them not ashamed. 我从不惊异于人的邪恶，却常常惊异于他们的无耻。,35,t课件,5. Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁,A. The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friends, Mr. Abraham AdamsB. The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生魏尔德传C. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 汤姆琼斯,36,t课件,Why is Henry Fielding regarded as “Father of the English Novel”?,Fielding has been regarded as “Father of English Novel” for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the English modern novel. Of all the 18th-century novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.,37,t课件,亨利菲尔丁为什么被誉为“英国小说之父”?,菲尔丁被誉为“英国小说之父”是由于他在创建现代英语小说的形式方面作出了巨大的贡献。他是18世纪小说家中第一个对“喜剧性的散文体史诗” 从理论上进行研究并进行创作实践的。是他第一次限定了现代小说的结构和风格。,38,t课件,6. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔约翰逊,Dictionary Johnson:伟大的辞典编纂家，创造了第一部令世人满意的英语辞典theDictionary of the English Language） Vanity of Human WishesRasselas拉塞拉斯The Lives of the Poets诗人传记,39,t课件,为什么把塞缪尔约翰逊叫做“字典约翰逊”？,塞缪尔约翰逊是诗人、剧作家、小品文作家、批评家和政论家，更是一位伟大的辞典编纂家。他编纂了第一部英国人自己的英语辞书英语大辞典（1755）。这部辞典在当时影响很大，对英语的规范化起了重要作用。约翰逊花了七年的时间独自一人完成了这项艰巨的工作。他所编纂的这部著名的辞典，为他赢得了“字典约翰逊”的称号。 由于他在词汇方面比其他作家造诣更深，所以他的文章趋于高深复杂，而且词汇运用非常准确到位。,40,t课件,IV. Geman Literature and Philosophy,1. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 戈特霍尔德埃夫莱姆莱辛 Philosopher Dramatist Critic,41,t课件,Lessing莱辛,Yesterday I loved, today I suffer, tomorrow I die: but I still think fondly, today and tomorrow, of yesterday. 昨日我曾爱过，今日我烦恼痛苦，明日我将死去。可是不论今日、明日，我始终对昨日怀着好感。,42,t课件,Works,A. Minna von Barnheim明娜 冯 巴尔赫姆B. Nathan the Wise智者纳森 C. Laocoon拉奥孔 D. Hamburgische Dramaturgie 汉堡剧评 ,43,t课件,2. Wolfgang von Goethe 歌德,A. The Sorrows of Young Werther少年维特之烦恼 B. Wilhelm Meisters ApprenticeshipC. Wilhelm Meisters Travel 威廉迈斯特的学习时代 威廉迈斯特的漫游时代D. Faust 浮士德E. Poetry and Truth,44,t课件,Goethe 歌德,Man is in error throughout his strife. 人在努力追求时总会有迷误。A talent is formed in stillness, a character in the worlds torrent. 才子是在国泰民安时造就的，俊杰是在世界的风云变幻中产生的。I call architecture frozen music. 我把建筑称之为冻结的音乐。My peace is gone, 我的宁静消失， My heart is heavy. 我的心情沉重。,45,t课件,4. Immanuel Kant康德,The key figure of the German classical philosophyThe “waterhead of modern philosophy”Natural scientistNebular Hypothesis:星云假说德国哲学家、天文学家、星云假说的创立者之一、德国古典唯心主义创始人。,46,t课件,Nebular Hypothesis星云假说,1755年，德国哲学家康德(Immanuel Kant)首先提出了太阳系起源的星云假说。他认为，太阳系是由原始星云按照万有引力定律演化而成。在这个原始星云中，大小不等的固体微粒在万有引力的作用下相互接近，大微粒吸引小微粒形成较大的团块，团块又陆续把周围的微粒吸引过来，这样，团块越来越大，而“天体在吸引最强的地方开始形成”。引力最强的中心部分吸引的物质最多，先形成太阳。外面的微粒在太阳吸引下向其下落时，与其它微粒碰撞而改变方向，变成绕太阳作圆周运动；运动中的微粒又逐渐形成引力中心，最后凝聚成朝同一方向转动的行星。 1796年，法国著名的数学家和天文学家拉普拉斯（Pierre Simon Laplace）也独立提出了关于太阳系起源的星云假说。与康德的星云说不同之处在于，他认为太阳系是由炽热气体组成的星云形成的。气体由于冷却而收缩，因此自转加快，离心力也随之增大，于是星云变得十分扁平。在星云外缘，离心力超过引力的时候便分离出一个圆环，这样反复分离成许多环。圆环由于物质分布不均匀而进一步收缩，形成行星，中心部分形成太阳。,47,t课件,老子的道与星云假说,相同之处 老子说：道之为物， Tao as a thing 惟恍惟惚。Is vague and indefinite.惚兮恍兮，Vague and Indefinite,其中有象；It presents images;恍兮惚兮，Indefinite and vague.其中有物。 It Embodies substance.窈兮冥兮，Distant and dark其中有精；It embraces semen-like essence.其精甚真， The essence is a genuine existence其中有信。 That can be tested as true. 道德经 21章 Chapter 21 The Book of Tao & The “有象”、“有物”、“有精”、“有信”，不但“有”并且“甚真”。其物质性是无疑的。所以道也可以看作“有”，客观存在本身就是道。天下万物生于道，道既然可以看作有，故老子曰：“天下万物生于有”。All things of the world are born from Existence (Being).,48,t课件,老子的道与星云假说,不同之处：老子说：视之不见名曰夷 What cannot be seen is called “Yi”(without color);听之不闻名曰希 What cannot be heard is called “Xi”(without sound);搏之不得名曰微 What cannot be touched is called “Wei” (without shape);此三者不可致诘 These three things can be in no way defined,故混而为一 So they combined into one.其上不皦 Above it there is no light;其下不昧 Below it there is no darkness; 绳绳兮 不可名 So vague as to defy any description.复归于物 It is categorized as Nothingness,是谓无状之状 And is called the shape withoug shape无物之象 as well as the image without substance.是谓惚恍 It is hence named “Huhuang” (vague and dimly visible). 迎之不见其首 Facing it, you cannot see its front; 随之不见其后 Following it, you cannot see its back. 道德经 14章 Chapter 14, The Book of Tao & The 道是“不见”、“不闻”、“无状”、“无物”的精神实体。所以道也可以看作“无”，天下万物既可以生于道，自然也就可以生于无，故老子又曰：“有生于无”。And Being from Nothingness.,49,t课件,道是精神性的，也是物质性的,有和无之间的转化有过程、有条件：道生一， Tao begets the One;一生二， The One consistes of Two in opposition (the Yin and Yang)二生三， The Two begets the Three;三生万物。The Three begets all the things of the world.道德经 42章,50,t课件,质与量之间的转化,合抱之木，A huge tree grows from a tiny seedling;生于毫末；九层之台， A nine-storey terrace起于累土； rises from a mound of earth千里之行，A journey of a thousand Li始于足下。 Starts from beneath ones feet. 道德经 64章,51,t课件,Major Works,A. General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens自然通史和天体论B. Critique of Pure Reason 纯粹理性批判 C. Critique of Judgment判断力批判D. Critique of Practical Reason实践理性批判,52,t课件,Kant康德,because happiness is not an ideal of reason but of imagination. 因为幸福并非源于理性的一种理想，而是出自想象的一种理想。,53,t课件,V. Art,1 Rococo Art洛(罗)可可艺术 洛可可艺术(Rococo art)是法国十八世纪的艺术样式，发端于路易十四（16431715）时代晚期，流行于路易十五（17151774）时代，风格纤巧、精美、浮华、繁琐，又称路易十五式。 代表作： Salon de la Princesse, Hotel de Soubise市政厅,54,t课件,Salon de la Princesse,55,t课件,Hotel de Soubise,56,t课件,Rococo Art洛(罗)可可艺术,It is an 18th-century style of architecture and furnishing characterized by elaborately playful decoration, and regarded by stern classical purists as “effeminate” or tastelessly pretty. As applied to literature, the term is unhelpfully vague, but usually suggests a cheerful lightness and intimacy of tone, and an elegant playfulness: Popes The Rape of the lock (171214) and Sterns Trisram Shandy (175967 )have been cited as English examples.,57,t课件,Salon de la Princesse, Hotel de Soubise (The finest examples of Rococo),58,t课件,洛可可艺术（建筑）,59,t课件,VI. Music,1. The Musical Enlightenment,60,t课件,Johann Sebastian Bach约翰塞巴斯蒂安巴赫,德国古典作曲家 欧洲近代音乐之父,61,t课件,Main works,Violin Concerto in E Major: E大调小提琴协奏曲Double Violin Concerto in D Minor: D小调小提琴协奏曲Mass in B minor: B小调弥撒曲,62,t课件,b. George Friderick Handel韩（亨）德尔,Messiah:弥赛亚Israel in Egypt:以色列人在埃及Fireworks Music:焰火音乐Water Music:水上音乐,63,t课件,2. The Classical Period,Roughly between 1750 and 1820Leading composers: Bach Mozart Beethoven,64,t课件,Joseph Haydn约瑟夫 海顿,Austrian Composer奥地利作曲家维也纳古典乐派的最早期代表 现代器乐之父第一位认识并全力发展当时正 萌芽中的交响曲和奏鸣曲曲式 的作曲家,65,t课件,Major Works,Quartet in E-flat majorQuartet in D majorQuartet in D minorQuartet in C majorQuartet in D majorSymphony No. 92 in G major(Oxford)Symphony No. 94 in G major (Surprise)Symphony No. 100 in G major (Military)Symphony No. 101 in D major (Clock),66,t课件,b. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart沃尔夫冈阿玛多伊斯莫扎特,Austrian composer, 奥地利作曲家 维也纳古典乐派的杰出代表 与海顿同为18世纪晚期维也纳古典风格音乐登峰造极的代表人物,67,t课件,Mozart,A child prodigy: began to play piano at three began to compose at four died at the age of 35 It has been said that: “The world had waited centuries for Mozart and he was only to remain here a moment.”,68,t课件,Mozart莫扎特,Don Giovanni, K.527唐璜The Magic Flute,K.620魔笛The Marriage of Figaro, K.492 费加罗的婚礼,69,t课件,70,t课件,Topic 1: How do you comprehend the Hamlet in Shakespeares drama.Topic 2: Choose one of your favorite character from the Greek and Roman Myth stories, and make a brief analysis on it.Topic 3: Choose a most impressive story from the Holy Bible, then make a brief analysis on it.,71,t课件,