汉英语法对比课件.ppt

汉英语法对比,第一节 基本语法特征对比,汉英语法对比 第一节,一、什么是特征,（一）“特征”的特征1.特征是比较出来的2.特征是个相对的概念3.特征必须从本质上着眼,一、什么是特征（一）“特征”的特征,（二）不是“特征”的特征,1、从英语看汉语（1）助词不是汉语“所独”（2）词序和虚词不是汉语的特点（3）词、短语、句子采取相同的结构方式不是汉语的特点,（二）不是“特征”的特征1、从英语看汉语,主谓：earthquake, daybreak，watchdog，动宾：haircut, dress-design， sightseeing， stockholder; scarecrow状动：diving board (dive from a board); sewing machine (sewing with a machine); sun-bathing (bath in the sun); daydream (dream during the day),主谓：earthquake, daybreak，watchd,（4）主语经常不用不是汉语的特点 Veni，Vidi，Vici（I came, I saw, I conquered ）Wish you good luck!Good luck! This is a good film, I love it very much. “情动于中而形于言，言之不足故嗟叹之，嗟叹之不足故永歌之，永歌之不足，不知手之舞之足之蹈之也。” （5）人文性不是汉语的特点,（4）主语经常不用不是汉语的特点,2、从汉语看英语,（1）词序和虚词的使用不是英语的特点（2）分析性不是英语的特点（3）男性化和女性化问题 叶斯柏森英语的发展与结构masculine：childish/feminine 林语堂，My Country and My People There is no difference but difference of degree between difference degree of difference and difference.,2、从汉语看英语（1）词序和虚词的使用不是英语的特点,（三）汉语和英语的特征,1、怎样寻找特征2、汉语和英语的语法特征 （1）汉语语法是隐性的，英语语法是显性的（2）汉语语法是柔性的，英语语法是刚性的 （3）由汉语特点得出的汉语观1）汉语是语义型语言，英语是形态型语言2）汉语是音足型语言，英语是形足型语言,（三）汉语和英语的特征1、怎样寻找特征,二、隐性与显性,（一）“隐性”和“显性”差异的表现1、词类的标记：词缀2、语法中的形态标志（1）综合式形态 附加/异根/内部屈折/零形式 （2）分析式形态,二、隐性与显性（一）“隐性”和“显性”差异的表现,汉英语法对比课件,3、语言中的形式词,3、语言中的形式词,（二）“隐性”和“显性”差异的特点,1、汉语偏重语义和英语偏重形式英语:“结构语义” 汉语:“语义结构”,（二）“隐性”和“显性”差异的特点1、汉语偏重语义和英语偏重,汉英语法对比课件,汉英语法对比课件,2、汉语语法单位的模糊性与英语语法单位的清晰性,2、汉语语法单位的模糊性与英语语法单位的清晰性,3、词法与句法的对勘性4、语序与虚词的问题,3、词法与句法的对勘性,三、柔性与刚性,（一）英语语法的刚性1、英语语词形式固定，缺乏伸缩性。2、英语刚性的语法规则3、英语虚词使用的必要性（二）汉语语法的柔性1、汉语语词的弹性特征2、汉语语法的弹性特征,三、柔性与刚性（一）英语语法的刚性,第二节 语言单位对比,一、什么是“本位”三层意思 二、汉英语寻找“本位”的历史（一）英语寻找“本位”的历史（二）汉语寻找“本位”的历史,第二节 语言单位对比 一、什么是“本位”,三、汉语的字本位和英语的词本位,汉语词的概念及其结构和节奏 （一）“字”和“词”分别是汉语和英语的天然语言单位字与语素 非线性结构 汉语的研究传统主要是语义 现成、离散、心理现实性,三、汉语的字本位和英语的词本位汉语词的概念及其结构和节奏,（二）“字”和“词”是不同编码机制的产物,1、语义句法Tomorrow the sleeping table married its jumping lake.以语义为基础的句法结构，最重要的特征是句法单位的组合顺序。 2、语义句法和汉语,（二）“字”和“词”是不同编码机制的产物1、语义句法,沈家煊英汉对比语法三题，外语教学与研究，1996（04）,the dogs tail, worn clotheshandle of the teapot, an attempt to cross the river，the man who came yesterday基本假设:人通过对外部世界的感知而形成的概念结构跟语言结构之间在很大程度上存在着一种对应关系 .英汉偏正结构语序的差异,沈家煊英汉对比语法三题，外语教学与研究，1996（0,（1）a.教堂附近的学校 the school near the church b.学校附近的教堂 the church near the school（2）a.教堂附近的自行车 the bike near the church b.?自行车附近的教堂 ?the church near the bike,（1）a.教堂附近的学校,(3) a.茶壶上的把 the handle of the teapot b.？把上的茶壶 .the teapot of the handle“目标”(figure):“背景”(ground),(3) a.茶壶上的把,(4) a.亭子在湖中心。(由“目标”到“背景”) b.湖中心有个亭子。(由“背景”到“目标”) (5) a. The pavilion is at the centre of the lake. b. There is a pavilion at the centre of the lake.英语不象汉语一样具很强的由“背景”到“目标”的感知倾向 。,(4) a.亭子在湖中心。(由“目标”到“背景”),3、汉英语的结构基础,层序 层组织 结构公式1 (1个韵头)1个韵腹(1个韵尾) (1)1(1)=1个韵母2 1个声母1个韵母=1个音段 11=13 1个音段1个声调=1个音节 11=14 1个音节1个概念 11=1,3、汉英语的结构基础层序 层组织,4、语义句法的结构框架,汉：“1个字1个音节1个概念” 英：“1个词n个音节1个概念”不同语言的音义关联点的差异扎根于语言社团的语音感知单位、感知方式的差异,并由此造成语言基本结构单位的差异。,4、语义句法的结构框架汉：“1个字1个音节1个概念”,（三）“字”和“词”分别是汉英语各个平面研究的交会点（四）“字”处于汉语言组织研究中承上启下的枢纽位置，词在英语语法上处于承上启下的枢纽位置，是词法与句法的交接点。,26,（三）“字”和“词”分别是汉英语各个平面研究的交会点26,四、关于“字”本位的评价及在对外汉语教学方面的讨论（一）字本位理论的主要观点综述1.汉语与印欧语的编码机制不同。2.分析了汉语单字格局解体的原因,揭示了字组中字与字的组合规律。3.创建了汉语语义语法,27,四、关于“字”本位的评价及在对外汉语教学方面的讨论（一）,推荐阅读：闵毅，“字本位”理论述评，中华文化论坛2008.8产生背景理论的提出：音义关联的基点生成问题（潘文国“音义互动律”）形成过程具体理论内容缺漏与意义,28,推荐阅读：闵毅，“字本位”理论述评，中华文化论坛2008,（二）讨论与评价,骆锤炼 ，字本位研究质疑宁夏大学学报(人文社会科学版)2006（02）王庆 ，评徐通锵的“字本位理论”和学风，外国语言文学，2009（04）孙剑艺，论汉语字、词、词素的本位问题，山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2003（04）彭泽润，潘文国，“词本位”还是“字本位”有利于汉语语言学？第一届“汉语独特性理论与教学国际研讨会”学术观点综述通化师范学院学报，2010（09）,29,（二）讨论与评价骆锤炼 ，字本位研究质疑宁夏大学学报(人文社,潘文国的字本位观点陈述第一，主张字本位的两个理由第二，什么是字本位？徐通锵：基本结构单位潘文国：基本单位第三，为什么字本位的对立面是词本位？最后，字本位和词本位的根本分歧。,30,潘文国的字本位观点陈述30,彭泽润的词本位观点陈述陆俭明、江枫等学者的辩论1.摆脱印欧语言的束缚是对的，但是方向要准确2.汉语的“字”不要证明，汉语的“词”需要证明3.书面语教学可以用“字”本位，口语教学要“词”本位4.“词”是小孩从小就有的，“字”是在学校学的5.汉语的“字”和英语的“word”有形式依据，“语素”没有6.应该区分文字学的“字”和语言学中的所谓“字”,31,彭泽润的词本位观点陈述31,推荐阅读：潘文国，“字本位”理论的哲学思考，语言教学与研究，2006（03）陆俭明，我关于“字本位”的基本观点,语言科学，2011（03）,32,推荐阅读：32,陈俊羽，“字本位”理论在对外汉语教学中的作用与认识，2008（03），云南师范大学学报(对外汉语教学与研究版) 略论“字本位”理论及其教学路子，（埃及）瓦西德，汉字文化，2009（03）贾颖，字本位与对外汉语词汇教学，汉语学习，2001（04）鹂青、王飞华，字本位与对外汉语教学，西南民族大学学报（人文社科版），2004（06）刘婷婷，“字本位”与对外汉字教学，鲁东大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2009（04）6、王骏，在对外汉语词汇教学中实施“字本位”方法的实验报告，暨南大学华文学院学报，2005（03）,33,陈俊羽，“字本位”理论在对外汉语教学中的作用与认识，2008,王若江，由法国“字本位”汉语教材引发的思考，世界汉语教学2000（03）硕士论文：基于字本位理论的汉语词汇教学韩国语“汉字词”与针对韩国学生的汉语词汇教学试论白乐桑的“法式字本位”教学法,34,王若江，由法国“字本位”汉语教材引发的思考，世界汉语教学20,四、英汉实词词类对比,（一）英汉名词词对比（二）英汉动词词对比（三）英汉形容词词对比（一）英汉副词词对比,35,四、英汉实词词类对比（一）英汉名词词对比35,Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building.他们沿着大街走去，经过一家家店铺，穿过一个宽阔的广场，然后走进一幢大楼。,36,Up the street they went, past,第三节 句子结构对比一、汉英简单句对比（一）英语简单句由一个小句构成的句子，其中只包含一个主谓结构。7个基本类型（二）汉语简单句主谓句与非主谓句,第三节 句子结构对比,二、汉英复杂句对比（一）英语复句1、并列复合句2、主从复杂句（1）从关联词的角度看（2）按从句在主句中的功用和种类主语从句/表语从句/宾语从句同位语从句/状语从句,二、汉英复杂句对比,（二）汉语复句1、形合复句（1）因果类（2）转折类（3）并列类,（二）汉语复句,2、紧缩句（1）紧缩的形合复句 （2）紧缩的意合复句紧缩形合复句与一般形合复句的区别：第一，紧缩句无明显的语音停顿，书面语中各分句间没有逗号；第二，形式标示也有简化。,2、紧缩句,3、公因话题句音义 语块 平面铺陈的复句 。（1）公因话题（2）语序规律（3）音义语块,3、公因话题句,1.小王下午去逛颐和园。 2.花猫逮住了一只耗子。3.李晓明打开窗户向远处眺望。 4.大夫嘱咐他按时吃药。,三、话题与主语,1.小王下午去逛颐和园。 三、话题与主语,5.槽内的水左冲右突，翻着花，滚着个，激扬飞溅，像爆炒着一槽玉珠，风翻着一槽白雪，隆隆声震荡着山谷。(郑伯伦:黑龙潭印象),5.槽内的水左冲右突，翻着花，滚着个，激扬飞溅，像爆炒着一槽,且说鸳鸯一夜没睡，至次日，他哥哥回贾母，接他家去逛逛，贾母允了，叫他家去。(红楼梦)That night Faithful was unable to sleep. Her brother came next morning to ask Grandmother Jia if he could take his sister back home for the day. His request was granted，and Grandmother Jia ordered Faithful to get ready.,且说鸳鸯一夜没睡，至次日，,1.他是个日本女人。2.这场火幸亏消防队来得早。,1.他是个日本女人。,明显区别表现：与谓语动词的关系相应的语义角色延伸阅读：石毓智，汉语的主语与话题之辨，载语言研究2001（02）,明显区别表现：,（一）汉英主语差异1、概述 （1）英语主语的主要功能特点对全句有“全面密切的关系”， 一般处于句子的主位(theme) 有形式主语与谓语动词关系极其密切,四、汉英主谓宾语的差异对比,英语主语的主要功能特点,（一）汉英主语差异四、汉英主谓宾语的差异对比英语主语的主要功,汉语主语例1.ppt不具 “不可或缺性”汉语主语例2.ppt模糊性汉语主语例3.ppt形式的多样性,(2)汉语的主语,（2）汉语的主语,汉语主语例1.ppt(2)汉语的主语（2）汉语的主语,推论,1）对全句不“具有全面密切的关系” 2）主位词的“周遍性” 3）话题 4）“零位” /“两极化”,2、比较与分析,推论1）对全句不“具有全面密切的关系” 2、比较与分析,（1）英语的主谓提挈机制(a) The policemen are carefully searching the room(SVO)(b) The girl is now a student at this college. (SVC)(c) The door was painted yesterday(SVCA)(d) It rained steadily all day. (SVA)(e) I had taken the medicine twice by 6P.M(SVOA)(f) They make him the chairman every year(SVOC),（1）英语的主谓提挈机制,(a)我吃了一碗饭。I ate a bowl of rice(b)这碗饭我不吃了。Im not going to eat the bowl of rice(c)桌上搁着一碗饭。A bowl of rice is on the table(d)锅里正在蒸饭。Rice is being steamed in the cooker(e)这点儿饭够吃吗?Is the rice enough?(f)今天早上吃的什么饭?What did you have for breakfast this morning?,(a)我吃了一碗饭。I ate a bowl of rice,词类兼容性：名词性 (a)名词性：计算机很有用。The computer is useful(b)动词性：计算是第一步。The first step is to calculate(c)形容词性：冷静才能计算得准确。Exact calculation depends on a calm mind,（2）汉英主语的特征比较,词类兼容性：名词性 （2）汉英主语的特征比较,（3）汉英主语的类型比较,英语(a)施事主语Actor SubjectWe caught a young tiger .(b)受事主语Receptor SubjectThe sick should be taken good of.(c)形式主语Expletive SubjectIt rained steadily all day.It is never too late to learn.(d)话题主语Topic Subject, The brain is a wonderful organ.,（3）汉英主语的类型比较英语,汉语主语分布模式,1)我们盖了一栋房子。We built a house.2) 房子盖在西院。The house was built in the western compound3) 房子我们已经盖了一大半了。We have finished a good part of the house.4) 住户家具都搬进屋了。The lodgers have moved in their furniture.,54,汉语主语分布模式1)我们盖了一栋房子。We built a,5) 去年又盖了一栋房子。Another house was built last year.6) 西院盖了一栋房子。The house was built in the western compound.7) 这些材料只够盖一栋房子。These materials were enough for building only one house.8) 这些材料我们只够盖一栋房子。We could build only one house with these materials.,55,5) 去年又盖了一栋房子。55,我们几户人家在西院盖了一栋房子。Some of our families built a house in the western compound.,我们几户人家在西院盖了一栋房子。,1)动作主语跑跑跳跳助消化。Jumping and running help your digestion.2)修饰语主语干干净净逗人爱。Everybody loves clean things.很诚实是一大优点。 Honesty is a merit3)数词主语“15”是个奇数。“15”is an odd number4)方式主语这么快就盖好了一栋房子。The house was built at admirable speed,1)动作主语,5)复合主语,要有计划地办事。 A good plan is necessary for doing business.我一个人干就可以了。Let me do it, its enough.互相学习已蔚然成风。To Learn from each other has become the order of the day计算得快是个好条件。The ability to do quick calculation is of course an advantage,5)复合主语要有计划地办事。,6)“的”字词组主语学得最好的有奖。The best learner will be given a reward7)零位主语早走了。He was gone long ago.,6)“的”字词组主语,“与事主语”(dative subject，即DaS)也就是句首关系语，具某种参与关系。,汉英语法对比课件,(a)他的事你不必着急。As for his business, you neednt worry too much(b)这件事你暂且保密。You had better keep quiet about it for the time being(c)十壶水、二十壶水你也灌不出耗子来。You cant even drive the rats out with ten or twenty pots of water.(d)婚姻大事儿女们自己做主。As for marriage, grown-up sons and daughters have minds of their own.,(a)他的事你不必着急。,（4）汉语主语的形态弱势(a)他们将她数落了一顿，可她却连顶他们一句的勇气都没有。They scoffed at her but she even did not have the pluck to talk back(b)人不可以无耻，无耻之耻，无耻矣。A man must not be shameless；being shameless is a shame in itself.(c)家事、国事、天下事、事事关心。We must not only concern ourselves with personal affairs but the affairs of the state and the world,（4）汉语主语的形态弱势,英语主语决定谓动形态， S+V SV提挈机制主语例4.ppt1）SV是必有核心、基本框架；2）SV是句子结构起点；3）S与V间有严谨的形式连接规范， V又有各种变化形式，形成SV提挈机制下的SV派生句型。汉语：意念主轴,（5）汉英主语的语法功能比较,英语主语决定谓动形态， S+V SV提挈机制（5）汉英主语,The true joy of joys is the joy that joys in the joy of others.,与人同乐才是真乐,The true joy of joys is the jo,1.英语谓语的基本特征：英语形式程式的核心必须以动词为基础和核心 必须主谓一致,（二）汉英谓语差异,（二）汉英谓语差异,（1）语法原则(Grammatical Principle),(a) Trousers often bag at the knees裤子常在膝盖处松垂得像个袋子。(b) They each have got one他们每人都得到了一件(个)。,（1）语法原则(Grammatical Principle,（2）逻辑原则(Logical Principle),(c) Half the boys are here半数男孩子都来了。(d) Half the car has been damaged汽车给毁了一半。,（2）逻辑原则(Logical Principle),（3）靠近原则(Principle of Proximity),(e) Not only the students but the teacher objects to the plan(f) Either my children or I am going,（3）靠近原则(Principle of Proximit,（4）惯用法原则(Principle of Idiomaticness),(g) There is more than option in this case (h) Five times eight is forty(i) Only one out of five were present,（4）惯用法原则(Principle of Idiomat,2.汉语谓语的独立性、自足性较强，形式机制弱,2.汉语谓语的独立性、自足性较强，形式机制弱汉语英语主谓句,汉语英语非主谓句：必须由SV提挈：,(a)诚招天下客。 Honesty wins over wider patronage(b)这种行为很不道德。 This conduct is immoral(c)你们厂里情况怎么样?What do you think of your factory?(d)七月二十二日她生日。July 22 is her birthday(e)老秤一斤十六两。Sixteen “liang” makes one “jin” by the old system of weights.,(a)诚招天下客。,(f)那神探足智多谋。The marvelously infallible detective is so very resourceful(g)这个问题工会要解决。The problem remains to be solved by the labor union(h)河畔草青青。The grass is green by the riverside(i)你把我吓坏了。You scared me our of my senses。(j)他有气无力地说着。He said listlessly,(f)那神探足智多谋。,3、汉语谓语构成成分复杂多样,3、汉语谓语构成成分复杂多样,4.汉语谓语形式比较复杂,（1）连动式谓语SV1(X) V2(X) A并列式： V1(X)+V2(X) (a)会客赴宴：V1(O)+V2(O)receive visitors and attend dinner parties(b)脱了鞋进屋： V1(O)+V2(O)take off shoes and enter the room(c)敲锣打鼓： V1(O)+V2(O) beat drums and strike gongs,75,4.汉语谓语形式比较复杂（1）连动式谓语SV1(X) V2(,B从属式：V1(X)V2(X),(1)条件关系干完就走go as soon as (until) the job is done 能干多少就干多少do as much as possible,76,B从属式：V1(X)V2(X) (1)条件关系76,(2)对象关系 替谁干活do the job for whom 找你算账get even with you,77,(2)对象关系77,(3)方式关系 屈膝求饶：go down on ones knees to beg for mercy 站着讲课：stand giving a lecture 用拍子打苍蝇：kill a fly with a swatter,78,(3)方式关系78,(4)时间、处所关系到上海就失踪了：disappear upon ones arrival in Shanghai 等天亮再走：leave after daybreak 立地成佛：achieve salvation as soon as one gives up domineering,79,(4)时间、处所关系79,(5)目的关系 烤火取暖：warm oneself by the fire 临渴掘井：dig a well when one is thirsty 开门捉贼：throw the door open for the thief 打点水洗洗脚：fetch some water to wash ones feet 打开窗户换换空气：open the window to let in some fresh air,80,(5)目的关系80,C链式：S+V1(X) V2(X) V3(X) (a)请假坐飞机回家探亲：ask for leave to go home by air to see ones relatives (b)持枪劫车杀人越货： hijack a truck and loot the goods by killing the driver with a gun (c)打电话约个时间见面叙谈： fix an appointment over the phone to meet for a chat,81,C链式：S+V1(X) V2(X) V3(X)81,（2）兼语式谓语,82,（2）兼语式谓语82,(a)我们派他做代表。We delegated him to be representative.(b)他请你帮忙。He asked you to help(c)老师叫你去。The teacher wanted you to go(d)多谢姐姐提醒(我)。Thank you for you reminder，dear sister.,83,(a)我们派他做代表。83,(e)告诉他我不知道这件事。Tell him I dont know this matter(f)我找一张报纸看看。I want to read a newspaper.(g)我记得他来过这里。I remembered that he had come here(b)买了张桌子(有)三条腿。I have bought a table which has three legs.(0r: I have bought a three-legged table.),84,(e)告诉他我不知道这件事。84,(3)紧缩式谓语,(a)吃点药祛寒退热take some medicine to shake off cold and fever(b)爱去不去。I dont mind whether you go or not.,85,(3)紧缩式谓语(a)吃点药祛寒退热85,(c)你许下的诺言非信守不可。Its a promise you madeYou ought to keep it(d)对这种人以文明有礼为好。To this kind of people，try to be civil and polite,86,(c)你许下的诺言非信守不可。86,英语补语基本结构式：S(V)C及OC。(a) SC：SVC中的组成部分：Hes getting angry(b) OC：是SVOC中的组成部分：He got his shoes and socks wet.,5、汉英补语对比,87,英语补语基本结构式：S(V)C及OC。5、汉英补语对比87,第一类：各式主语补语,(a) He is, of course, a good teacher.(b) Your point sounds reasonable，anyhow (c) Trees turned green again (d) You are regarded by everyone in the community as indispensable.,88,第一类：各式主语补语(a) He is, of course,第二类：各式宾语补语,(a) The news makes him happy (b) He paints the tree blue (c) They named the street Addin (d) Somebody has left the light switched on,89,第二类：各式宾语补语 (a) The news makes,述补结构,(1)表示行为态势或动向 肯定式：上、下；来、去；开、开来；起来；过（了）；完、成VC 否定式：不（置于补语前）；未、没、没有（置于动词前）V不C 走出来walk out 走不出来cant walk out/be unable to walk out打开open out (up), unfold, untie, undo 打不开cant not be open,90,述补结构(1)表示行为态势或动向 90,(2)表示可能,肯定式:得V得C否定式:不V不C听得清can hear/be able to hear听不清can not hear clearly/be unable to hear clearly,91,(2)表示可能 肯定式:得V得C91,（3）表示结果,VC：不，未，没没有V不C染红dye in red染不红；未染红；没/没有染红cant dye in red/be unable to dye in red拿走take away拿不走cant be taken away/remain in the place没有（未）拿走do not take away/have not taken away,92,（3）表示结果 VC：不，未，没没有V不C92,(4)表示状态,V+得+C：V+得+不（很）C看得很清楚see very clearly看得不很清楚see not very clearly擦得油光铮亮polish (sth.) till it glitters擦得不很亮not well polished洗得干干净净wash sth. till it is perfectly clean洗得不很干净not very cleanly washed写得催人泪下write in an irresistibly moving style写得不很感人not very successfully written,93,(4)表示状态 V+得+C：V+得+不（很）C93,(a)急得我直冒汗。I was so agitated(b)气得他全身打哆嗦。He was all of a tremble with anger.(c) “V得到好成+V不到好成”：见得到见不到：whether (one) can see it or not,94,(a)急得我直冒汗。94,（5）表示程度,(a)这种作风我实在是讨厌。(一般强度)I just hate this style of work(b)这种作风我真是讨厌透了。(高强度)I hate this style of work intensely(c)要煮烂，才好吃。It must be boiled very soft to make it tasty煮烂了，才好吃。It really tasty when its boiled soft.,95,（5）表示程度 (a)这种作风我实在是讨厌。(一般强度)95,(a)她节省，每天只吃两顿饭。By practicing thrifty，she managed to get along on two meals every day 她节省到每天只吃两顿饭。She is so thrifty that she manages to get along on two meals every day (b)片子短，二十分钟就看完了。Its a short film, over in 20 minutes. 片子短得二十分钟就看完了。The film is so short that it last only 20 minutes.,96,(a)她节省，每天只吃两顿饭。96,6、汉英谓语比较结语 汉：以意念机制为基础，有较大独立性，有多样的述补关系英：有动词的稳定性形态变化体系，形式机制较强,97,6、汉英谓语比较结语 97,（三）汉英宾语差异,直接宾语(a) Terry baked a cake. (b) Terry baked a potato. (c) Terry saw the cake. (d) Terry liked the cake. (e) Terry bought the cake.,98,（三）汉英宾语差异直接宾语98,间接宾语,(a) Terry gave me the cake. (b) Terry baked me the cake. The cake was given (to) me. I was given the cake.,99,间接宾语(a) Terry gave me the cake,(a)山坡上下来两个游客。Two travelers came down from the mountain slope.)(b) 我们要学好用好祖国的语言。We must try our best to learn and use our mother tongue(c)他终于露出了笑容。At last he began to smile,1、汉语动语材料的多样化,100,(a)山坡上下来两个游客。1、汉语动语材料的多样化100,(a) dream away (V) ones time (O)：韶光虚度(b) fire off questions :激烈提问(c) drink down ones heartache:借酒浇愁(d) knock for admittance：登门求见,101,(a) dream away (V) ones time,knock for admittance (a) knock for advice登门求教(b) knock for a job 登门求职(c) knock for apology登门求饶,102,knock