《英语句子成分》PPT课件.ppt

Components andStructures of Sentence,英语语法构成示意图,句子成分,一、主语,Subject：句子说明的人或事物，一般位于_ 。,句首,1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。,什么情况下用it作形式主语？,你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译下列句子吗？1) It is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) It is no use arguing about it. ( ) 3) It is uncertain who will come. ( ),说谎是错误的。,争吵是没用的。,谁要来还不确定。,1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.,二、谓语,Predicate:说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由_ 充当。动词常分为实义动词,连系动词,情态动词和助动词.,动词,2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如： Do you speak English？ They are working in a field. He has caught a bad cold.,1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,三、宾语,Object：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在_或_后面.,及物动词,介词,4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,Predicative：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句,用来说明主语的身份,特征,状态.,四、表语,1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）,6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）,1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。 He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay。 He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。,系动词,3）表像系动词，用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad.4）感官系动词，主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 This flower smells very sweet.,5）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, run, get, go, come。 He became mad after that. 6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out。 The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。,Attribute:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）,五、定语,5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.（定语从句）,Adverbial：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。,六、状语,9种状语种类如下：,1. How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,Complement是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。,七、补语,Everyone calls him Jack. （宾补）He is called Jack.（主补）,练习,一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. His wish is to become a scientist.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. He noticed a man enter the room.,O.,Predicate,Adverbial,Attribute,S.,Predicative,O.Complement,选择填空：,( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here nowC. The man who is here now D. The man is here now( ) 2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and coldC. not wet and coldD. were wet and cold( ) 3. The apple tasted _. A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet,( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter( )5. The actor _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. dying( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we,( )7. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is,( ) 9. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked( )10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A. that B. when C. in which D. where,基本句型,从结构上分：,简单句 (Simple sentence),并列句 (Compound sentence),复合句 (Complex sentence),英语句子长短简繁不一，表面上似乎难以捉摸，但可以从实质上发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。即可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一： + （主谓） 二： + + （主谓/系表） 三： + + （主谓宾） 四: + +InO +D(主谓间宾直宾） 五: + + +O（主谓宾宾补）,基本句型 一(subject) +V(verb)（主谓） 特点:句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以 跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 e.g. His words works. S,V,基本句型 二 + +（主系表） 特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思， 必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构 成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做(连)系动词。 系动词可分四类： 1）be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的 作用,后可接动词外的任何词； 2）感官动词类 look, feel, smell, taste, sound等 +adj. 3）表示变化：get, grow, become, turn, go等 4）表示状态延续：stay, keep, prove, remain, stand等,+adj.,+adj.,S V (link-V.) PThis is an English dictionary.Everything looks different. 天气更凉爽了。 The weather becomes cooler.,基本句型 三 + +（主谓宾） 特点：谓语动词都是实义动词，但不能表 达完整的意思，必须跟宾语，即动 作的承受者，才能使意思完整。 这类动词叫做及物动词。 e.g. We like the movie. S,V,o,S V (Vt.) O她经常帮她妈妈。 She often helps her mother.2. 我想要一杯茶。 I want a cup of tea.,基本句型 四 + +InO +D（主谓间宾直宾） 特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完 整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直 接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常可改为 S +V+DO+prep.+InO e.g. She gave me an apple. =She gave an apple to me.,S V (Vt.) InO DOShe passed him a new dress.John 告诉我他的想法。 John told me his idea.,基本句型 五 + + +O（主谓宾宾补）特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾 语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一 个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 e.g. We made him the manager. S,V,O,OC,S V (Vt.) O OC We keep the table clean. I saw them getting on the bus. 他让我马上回来。 He asked me to come back soon.,宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如： They elected him their monitor.,I dont want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.,S,V,_,_,O,_,Ad.,(,),S,_,V,S,V,O,_,_,OC,S,_,V,O,OC,并列复合句,Analyze the sentences: I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.,S,V,_,Oc,S,V,P,Ac,（,）,_,_,S,_,_,V,O,OC,Its no pleasure looking through these anylonger because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.,S,V,P,_,_,_,S,Ad.C(状从),S,V,P,_,_,At.C(定从),Bye-bye !,